PRONOUNS
THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS
[*] 1190. The nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic, e.g. in contrasts, whether expressed or implied:
ἐπεὶ ὑ_μεῖς ἐμοὶ οὐ θέλετε πείθεσθαι, ἐγω σὺν ὑ_μῖν ἕψομαι since you are not willing to obey me,
I will follow along with you X. A. 1.3.6. In contrasts the first pronoun is sometimes omitted (
930).
[*] 1191. Where there is no contrast the addition of the pronoun may strengthen the verb: ““
εἰ μηδὲ τοῦτο βούλει ἀποκρί_νασθαι, σὺ δὲ τοὐντεῦθεν λέγε”
if you do not wish to reply even to this, tell me then”
X. C. 5.5.21.
[*] 1192. The forms
ἐμοῦ, ἐμοί, and
ἐμέ and the accented forms of the pronoun of the second person (325 a) are used when emphatic and usually after prepositions: ““
καὶ πείσα_ς ἐμὲ πιστὰ ἔδωκάς μοι καὶ ἔλαβες παρ᾽ ἐμοῦ”
and after prevailing on me you gave me pledges of faith and received them from me”
X. A. 1.6.7. Cp.
187 N. 2. On the reflexive use of the personal pronouns of the first and second persons, see
1222-1224.
[*] 1193.
ἐγώ, σύ (
ἐμός, σός) are rarely used of an imaginary person (‘anybody’):
D. 9.17,
X. R. A. 1.11.
[*] 1194. The nominative of the pronoun of the third person is replaced by
ἐκεῖνος (of absent persons),
ὅδε, οὗτος (of present persons),
ὁ μέν . . . ὁ δέ (at the beginning of a sentence), and by
αὐτός in contrasts. The oblique cases of the foregoing replace
οὗ, etc., which in Attic prose are usually indirect reflexives (
1228,
1229).
οὗ and
ἕ in Attic prose occur chiefly in poetical passages of Plato; in Attic poetry they are personal pronouns. The pronoun of the third person is very rare in the orators.
[*] 1195. Homer uses
ἕο, οἷ, etc., as personal pronouns ( =
αὐτοῦ, αὐτῷ, etc., in Attic), in which case they are enclitic:
διὰ μαντοσύνην, τήν οἱ πόρε Φοῖβος by the art of divination, which Phoebus gave to him A 72. Homer also uses
ἕο, οἷ, etc., either as direct ( =
ἑαυτοῦ, etc.,
1218) or as indirect reflexives ( =
αὐτοῦ, etc.,
1225). In the former case they are orthotone; in the latter, either enclitic or orthotone. Thus,
οί̂ παῖδα ἐοικότα γείνατο he begat a son like unto himself E 800,
οὔ τινά φησιν ὁμοῖον οἶ ἔμεναι Δαναῶν he says there is no one of the Danaans like unto himself I 306. Hdt. agrees with Hom. except that
εὗ, οἷ are not direct reflexives and orthotone;
σφίσι (not
σφί) is reflexive.
THE POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
For the article with a possessive pronoun see
1182-1183.
[*] 1196. The possessive pronouns (
330) of the first and second persons are the equivalents of the possessive genitive of the personal pronouns:
ἐμός ῀ μου, σός ῀ σου, ἡμέτερος ῀ ἡμῶν, ὑ_μέτερος ῀ ὑ_μῶν.
a. When the possessives refer to a definite, particular thing, they have the article, which always precedes (
1182); the personal pronouns have the predicate position (
1185). Distinguish
ὁ ἐμὸς φίλος, ὁ φίλος ὁ ἐμός, ὁ φίλος μου my friend from
φίλος ἐμός, φίλος μου a friend of mine.
b. A word may stand in the genitive in apposition to the personal pronoun implied in a possessive pronoun. See
977.
[*] 1197. A possessive pronoun may have the force of an objective genitive (cp.
1331) of the personal pronoun: ““
φιλίᾳ τῇ ἐμῇ”
out of friendship for me”
X. C. 3.1.28. (
φιλία_ ἡ ἐμή usually means
my friendship (
for others)).
[*] 1198. The possessive pronouns of the first and second persons are sometimes reflexive (when the subject of the sentence and the possessor are the same person), sometimes not reflexive.
[*] 1199. FIRST AND SECOND PERSONS SINGULAR1. Not reflexive (adjective
my,
thy (
your); pronoun
mine,
thine (
yours)).
ἐμός, σός:
ὁρᾷ τὸν ἐμὸν φίλον he sees my friend,
ὁρᾷ τὸν σὸν πατέρα she sees your father,
στέργει τὸν ἐμὸν πατέρα he loves my father (or
τὸν πατέρα τὸν ἐμόν or
πατέρα τὸν ἐμόν; or
τὸν πατέρα μου or
μου τὸν πατέρα), ““
οἱ ἐμοὶ ὀφθαλμοὶ καλλί_ονες ἂν τῶν σῶν εἴησαν”
my eyes will prove to be more beautiful than yours”
X. S. 5. 5.
2. Reflexive (
my own, thine (
your)
own).
a. ἐμαυτοῦ,
σεαυτοῦ, in the attributive position (very common):
ἔλαβον τὸν ἐμαυτοῦ μισθόν (or
τὸν μισθὸν τὸν ἐμαυτοῦ)
I received my (
own)
pay,
τὸν ἀδελφὸν τὸν ἐμαυτοῦ ἔπεμψα I sent my (
own)
brother Aes. 2.94,
κἀ_πὶ τοῖς σαυτῆς κακοῖσι κἀ_πὶ τοῖς ἐμοῖς γελᾷς;
art thou laughing at thine own misery and at mine? S. El. 879.
b. ἐμός,
σός (less common):
στέργω τὸν ἐμὸν πατέρα I love my (
own)
father,
στέργεις τὴν σὴν μητέρα you love your (
own)
mother, ““
ἡ ἐμὴ γυνὴ”
my wife”
X. C. 7.2.28, ““
ἀδελφὸς τῆς μητρὸς τῆς ἐμῆς”
brother of my mother”
And. 1.117.
c. ἐμὸς αὐτοῦ,
σὸς αὐτοῦ (poetical):
τὸν ἐμὸν αὐτοῦ πατέρα (
β 45,
S. O. T. 416).
d. μου,
σου (rare):
τὸν πατέρα μου Ant. 1.23.
N.—When the possessor is not to be mistaken, the article alone is placed before the substantive and the possessive or reflexive pronoun is omitted (cp.
1121). Thus,
στέργεις τὸν πατέρα you love your (own)
father,
στέργει τὸν πατέρα he loves his (own)
father,
στέργουσι τὸν πατέρα they love their (own)
father.
[*] 1200. FIRST AND SECOND PERSONS PLURAL1. Not reflexive (adjective
our,
your; pronoun
ours,
yours).
a. ἡμέτερος,
ὑ_μέτερος:
ὁ ἡμέτερος φίλος our friend (more common than
ὁ φίλο<*> ἡμῶν),
ὁ ὑ_μέτερος φίλος your friend (more common than
ὁ φίλος ὑ_μῶν), ““
ζήτησιν ποιούμενοι ἢ ὑ_μῶν ἢ τῶν ὑ_μετέρων τινός”
making a search for you or for anything of yours”
L. 12.30.
2. Reflexive (
our own, your own).
a. ἡμέτερος,
ὑ_μέτερος (common):
στέργομεν τὸν ἡμέτερον φίλον we love our own friend,
στέργετε τὸν ὑ_μέτερον φίλον you love your own friend.
b. Usually the intensive
αὐτῶν is used with
ἡμέτερος, ὑ_μέτερος in agreement with
ἡμῶν (
ὑ_μῶν) implied in the possessive forms. This gives a stronger form of reflexive. Thus:
ἡμέτερος αὐτῶν, ὑ_μέτερος αὐτῶν:
στέργομεν τὸν ἡμέτερον αὐτῶν φίλον we love our own friend, ““
οἰκοδόμημα ἢ τῶν φίλων τινὶ ἢ ἡμέτερον αὐτῶν”
a house either for some one of our friends or our own”
P. G. 514b;
στέργετε τὸν ὑ_μέτερον αὐτῶν φίλον you love your own friend, ““
διδάσκετε τοὺς παῖδας τοὺς ὑ_μετέρους αὐτῶν”
teach your own children”
I. 3.57.
c. ἡμῶν,
ὑ_μῶν (rare):
αἰτιώμεθατοὺς πατέρας ἡμῶν let us accuse our (
own)
fathers P. Lach. 179c.
d. ἡμῶν αὐτῶν,
ὑ_μῶν αὐτῶν (very rare):
δίκαιον ἡμᾶς . . . φαίνεσθαι μήτε ἡμῶν ““
αὐτῶν τῆς δόξης ἐνδεεστέρους”
it is not right for us to show ourselves inferior to our own fame”
T. 2.11, ““
τὰ τῶν ἵππων καὶ τὰ ὑ_μῶν αὐτῶν ὅπλα”
the equipments both of your horses and yourselves”
X. C. 6.3.21.
[*] 1201. THIRD PERSON SINGULAR1. Not reflexive (
his,
her,
its).
a. αὐτοῦ,
αὐτῆς, αὐτοῦ in the predicate position (very common):
ὁρῶ τὸν φίλον αὐτοῦ (
αὐτῆς)
I see his (
her)
friend, ““
γιγνώσκων αὐτοῦ τὴν ἀνδρεία_ν”
knowing his courage”
P. Pr. 310d.
b. ἐκείνου, etc., or
τούτου, etc. in the attributive position (very common):
ὁρῶ τὸν ἐμὸν φίλον, οὐ τὸν ἐκείνου I see my friend, not his, ““
ἀφικνοῦνται παρ᾽ Ἀριαῖον καὶ τὴν ἐκείνου στρατιά_ν”
they come up with Ariaeus and his army”
X. A. 2.2.8, ““
παρεκάλεσέ τινας τῶν τούτου ἐπιτηδείων”
he summoned some of his friends”
L. 3.11.
c. ὅς,
ἥ, ὅν, Hom.
ἑός, ἑή, ἑόν (poetical): ““
τὴν γῆμεν ἑὸν διὰ κάλλος”
he married her because of her beauty”
λ 282. Hom. has
εὗ rarely for
αὐτοῦ, αὐτῆς.
2. Reflexive (
his own, her own).
a. ἑαυτοῦ,
ἑαυτῆς, in the attributive position (very common):
στέργει τὸν ἑαυτοῦ φίλον he loves his own friend,
ο:ρᾷ τὴν ἑαυτῆς μητέρα she sees her own mother, ““
τὴν ἑαυτοῦ ἀδελφὴν δίδωσι Σεύθῃ”
he gives his own sister in marriage to Seuthes”
T. 2.101, ““
ὑβρίζει γυναῖκα τὴν ἑαυτοῦ”
he misuses his own wife”
And. 4.15. This is the only way in prose to express
his own, her own.
b. ὅς (
ἑός): poetical. Sometimes in Homer
ὅς (
ἑός) has the sense of
own with no reference to the third person (1230 a).
c. ὃς αὐτοῦ,
αὐτῆς (poetical):
ὃν αὐτοῦ πατέρα (K
204).
[*] 1202. THIRD PERSON PLURAL1. Not reflexive (
their).
a. αὐτῶν in the predicate position (very common):
ὁ φίλος αὐτῶν their friend.
b. ἐκείνων,
τούτων in the attributive position (very common):
ὁ τούτων (
ἐκείνων)
φίλος their friend, ““
διὰ τὴν ἐκείνων ἀπιστία_ν”
because of distrust of them”
And. 3.2.
c. σφέων (Ionic):
Hdt. 5.58.
2. Reflexive (
their own).
a. ἑαυτῶν (very common):
στέργουσι τοὺς ἑαυτῶν φίλους they love their own friends, ““
τῶν ἑαυτῶν συμμάχων κατεφρόνουν”
they despised their own allies”
X. H. 4.4.7.
b. σφέτερος αὐτῶν, the intensive
αὐτῶν agreeing with
σφῶν implied in
σφέτερος (common): ““
οἰκέτα_ς τοὺς σφετέρους αὐτῶν ἐπικαλοῦνται”
they call their own slaves as witnesses”
Ant. 1.30.
c. σφῶν αὐτῶν, without the article (rare): ““
τὰ ὀνόματα διαπρά_ττονται σφῶν αὐτῶν προσγραφῆναι”
they contrived that their own names were added”
L. 13.72. Cp.
1234.
τὸν σφῶν αὐτῶν is not used.
d. σφέτερος (rare in prose): ““
Βοιωτοὶ μέρος τὸ σφέτερον παρείχοντο”
the Boeotians furnished their own contingent”
T. 2.12.
e. σφῶν in the predicate position, occasionally in Thucydides, as
τοὺς ξυμμάχουι ἐδέδισαν σφῶν they were afraid of their own allies 5. 14. Cp.
1228 N. 2.
[*] 1203. Summary of possessive forms (poetical forms in parenthesis).
a. Not reflexive
N.—
ἡμέτερος and
ὑ_μέτερος are more used than
ἡμῶν and
ὑ_μῶν.
b. Reflexive
N.—In the plural
ἡμῶν αὐτῶν, ὑ_μῶν αὐτῶν are replaced by
ἡμέτερος αὐτῶν, ὑ_μέτερος αὐτῶν, and these forms are commoner than
ἡμέτερος, ὑ_μέτερος. σφέτερος αὐτῶν is less common than
ἑαυτῶν. σφέτερος in poetry may mean
mine own,
thine own, your own.
THE PRONOUN αὐτός
[*] 1204.
αὐτός is used as an adjective and as a pronoun. It has three distinct uses: (1) as an intensive adjective pronoun it means
self (
ipse). (2) As an adjective pronoun, when preceded by the article, it means
same (
idem). (3) In oblique cases as the personal pronoun of the third person,
him,
her,
it,
them (
eum,
eam,
id,
eos,
eas,
ea).
[*] 1205. Only the first two uses are Homeric. In Hom.
αὐτός denotes the principal person or thing, in opposition to what is subordinate, and is intensive by contrast:
αὐτὸν καὶ θεράποντα the man himself and his attendant Z 18 (cp.
σώσα_σ᾽ αὐτὸν καὶ παῖδας P. G. 511e and see
1208 d). On
αὐτός as a reflexive, see
1228 a; on
αὐτός emphatic with other pronouns, see
1233 ff.
[*] 1206.
αὐτός is intensive (
self)
a. In the
nominative case, when standing alone:
αὐτοὶ τὴν γῆν ἔσχον they (the Athenians)
seized the land themselves T. 1.114. Here
αὐτός emphasizes the word understood and is not a personal pronoun.
b. In
any case, when in the predicate position (
1168) with a substantive, or in agreement with a pronoun:
αὐτὸς ὁ ἀνήρ, ὁ ἀνὴρ αὐτός the man himself,
αὐτοῦ τοῦ ἀνδρός, τοῦ ἀνδρὸς αὐτοῦ, etc.
[*] 1207. With a proper name or a word denoting an individual, the article is omitted: ““
αὐτὸς Μένων”
Menon himself”
X. A. 2.1.5,
πρὸ αὐτοῦ βασιλέως in front of the Great King himself 1. 7. 11.
[*] 1208. The word emphasized may be an oblique case which must be supplied:
ἔλεγε δὲ καὶ αὐτὸς ὁ Βρα_σίδα_ς τῇ Θεσσαλῶν γῇ καὶ αὐτοῖς (
scil.
τοῖς Θεσσαλοῖς)
φίλος ὢν ἰέναι and Brasidas himself also said that he came as a friend to the country of the Thessalians and to the Thessalians themselves T. 4.78,
δεῖ τοίνυν τοῦτ᾽ ἤδη σκοπεῖν (
scil.
ἡμᾶς) ““
αὐτούς”
we must forthwith consider this matter ourselves”
D. 2.2.
[*] 1209. Special renderings of the emphatic
αὐτός:
a. By itself, in itself, unaided,
alone, etc.: ““
αὐτὴ ἡ ἀλήθεια”
the naked truth”
Aes. 3.207,
τὸ πλέον τοῦ χωρίου αὐτὸ καρτερὸν ὑπῆρχε the greater part of the place was strong in itself (without artificial fortification)
T. 4.4. On
αὐτοῖς ἀνδράσι men and all, see
1525.
αὐτό with a noun of any gender is used by Plato to denote the
abstract idea of a thing:
αὐτὸ τὸ καλόν ideal beauty R. 493 e,
αὐτὸ δικαιοσύνη ideal justice 472 c.
b. Just,
merely: ““
αὐτὸ τὸ δέον”
just what we want”
X. A. 4.7.7, ““
αὐτὰ τάδε”
merely this”
T. 1.139.
c. Voluntarily: ““
ἄνδρας οἳ καὶ τοῖς μὴ ἐπικαλουμένοις αὐτοὶ ἐπιστρατεύουσι”
men who uninvited turn their arms even against those who do not ask their assistance”
T. 4.60.
d. The Master (said by a pupil or slave):
Αὐτὸς ἔφα_ the Master (Pythagoras)
said it (
ipse dixit)
Diog. Laert. 8.1. 46, ““
τίς οὗτος; Αὐτός. τίς Αὐτός; Σωκράτης”
Who's this? The Master. Who's the Master? Socrates”
Ar. Nub. 220.
e. With ordinals:
ᾑρέθη πρεσβευτὴς δέκατος αὐτός he was chosen envoy with nine others (i.e. himself the tenth)
X. H. 2.2.17.
[*] 1210. After the article, in the attributive position (
1154),
αὐτός in any case means
same.
Thus
ὁ αὐτὸς ἀνήρ, rarely (
ὁ)
ἀνὴρ ὁ αὐτός the same man; ““
τοῦ αὐτοῦ θέρους”
in the same summer”
T. 4.58, ““
τὰ αὐτὰ ταῦτα”
these same things”
X. A. 1.1.7, ““
οἱ τοὺς αὐτοὺς αἰεὶ περὶ τῶν αὐτῶν λόγους λέγοντες”
the people who are continually making the same speeches about the same things”
Ant. 5.50.
a. So as a predicate:
ἐγὼ μὲν ὁ αὐτός εἰμι, ἱ_μεῖς δὲ μεταβάλλετε I am the same,
it is you who change T. 2.61.
[*] 1211. In Hom.
αὐτός, without the article, may mean
the same: ““
ἦρχε δὲ τῷ αὐτὴν ὁδόν, ἥνπερ οἱ ἄλλοι”
and he guided him by the same way as the others had gone”
θ 107.
[*] 1212.
αὐτός when unemphatic and standing alone in the oblique cases means
him,
her,
it,
them. ““
ἐκέλευον αὐτὴν ἀπιέναι”
they ordered her to depart”
L. 1.12.
[*] 1213. Unemphatic
αὐτοῦ, etc., do not stand at the beginning of a sentence.
[*] 1214.
αὐτοῦ, etc., usually take up a preceding noun (the anaphoric use):
καλέσα_ς δὲ Δάμνιππον λέγω πρὸς αὐτὸν τάδε summoning Damnippus,
I speak to him as follows L. 12.14. But an oblique case of
αὐτός is often suppressed where English employs the pronoun of the third person:
ἐμπιπλὰ_ς ἁπάντων τὴν γνώμην<*> ἀπέπεμπε having satisfied the minds of all he dismissed them
X. A. 1.7.8.
[*] 1215.
αὐτοῦ, etc., may be added pleonastically; ““
πειρά_σομαι τῷ πάππῳ, κράτιστος ὢν ἱππεύς, συμμαχεῖν αὐτῷ”
I will try, since I am an excellent horseman, to be an ally to my grandfather”
X. C. 1.3.15.
[*] 1216.
αὐτοῦ, etc., are emphatic (=
αὐτοῦ τούτου, etc.) in a main clause when followed by a relative clause referring to
αὐτοῦ, etc.:
εἴρηκας αὐτό, δι᾽ ὅπερ ἔγωγε ““
τὰ ἐμὰ ἔργα πλείστου ἄξια νομίζω εἶναι”
you have mentioned the very quality for which I consider my work worth the highest price”
X. M. 3.10.14. But when the relative clause precedes,
αὐτοῦ, etc., are not emphatic: ““
οὓς δὲ μὴ εὕρισκον, κενοτάφιον αὐτοῖς ἐποίησαν”
they built a cenotaph for those whom they could not find”
X. A. 6.4.9.
[*] 1217.
αὐτοῦ, etc., are often used where, after a conjunction, we expect the oblique case of a relative pronoun: ““
ὃ μὴ οἶδε μηδ᾽ ἔχει αὐτοῦ σφρα_γῖδα”
which he does not know nor does he have the seal of it”
P. Th. 192a.
THE REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
[*] 1218.
Direct Reflexives.—The reflexive pronouns are used
directly when they refer to the chief word (usually the subject) of the sentence or clause in which they stand.
““
γνῶθι σεαυτόν”
learn to know thyself”
P. Charm. 164e, ““
σφάττει ἑαυτήν”
she kills herself”
X. C. 7.3.14,
καθ᾽ ἑαυτοὺς βουλευσάμενοι τὰ ὅπλα παρέδοσαν καὶ σφᾶς αὐτούς after deliberating apart by themselves they surrendered their arms and themselves (their persons)
T. 4.38. Less commonly the reference is to the object, which often stands in a prominent place: ““
τοὺς δὲ περιοίκους ἀφῆκεν ἐπὶ τὰ_ς ἑαυτῶν πόλεις”
but the perioeci he dismissed to their own cities”
X. H. 6.5.21.
[*] 1219. The direct reflexives are regular in prose if, in the same clause, the pronoun refers emphatically to the subject and is the direct object of the main verb:
ἐμαυτὸν (
not ἐμὲ)
ἐπαινῶ I praise myself. The usage of poetry is freer: ““
στένω σὲ μᾶλλον ἢ ᾿μέ”
I mourn thee rather than myself”
E. Hipp. 1409.
[*] 1220. The reflexives may retain or abandon their differentiating force. Contrast the third example in 1218 with
παρέδοσαν σφᾶς αὐτούς they surrendered (themselves)
T. 7.82.
[*] 1221. The reflexives of the first and second persons are not used in a subordinate clause to refer to the subject of the main clause.
[*] 1222. The personal pronouns are sometimes used in a reflexive sense: ““
θρηνοῦντός τέ μου καὶ λέγοντος πολλὰ καὶ ἀνάξια ἐμοῦ”
wailing and saying much unworthy of myself”
P. A. 38e (contrast ““
ἀκούσει πολλὰ καὶ ἀνάξια σαυτοῦ”
you will hear much unworthy of yourself”
P. Cr. 53e),
δοκῶ μοι ἀδύνατος εἶναι I (
seem to myself to be)
think I am unable P. R. 368b (less usually
δοκῶ ἐμαυτῷ). So in Hom.:
ἐγὼν ἐμὲ λύ_σομαι I will ransom myself K 378. Cp.
1195.
[*] 1223.
ἐμέ, σέ, not
ἐμαυτόν, σεαυτόν, are generally used as subject of the infinitive: ““
ἐγὼ οἶμαι καὶ ἐμὲ καὶ σὲ τὸ ἀδικεῖν τοῦ ἀδικεῖσθαι κάκι_ον ἡγεῖσθαι”
I think that both you and I believe that it is worse to do wrong than to be wronged”
P. G. 474b.
[*] 1224. The use in 1222, 1223 generally occurs when there is a contrast between two persons, or when the speaker is not thinking of himself to the exclusion of others. Cp.
1974.
[*] 1225.
Indirect Reflexives.—The reflexive pronouns are used
indirectly when, in a dependent clause, they refer to the subject of the main clause.
Ὀρέστης ἔπεισεν Ἀθηναίους ἑαυτὸν κατάγειν Orestes persuaded the Athenians to restore him (
self)
T. 1.111, ““
ἐβούλετο ὁ Κλέαρχος ἅπαν τὸ στράτευμα πρὸς ἑαυτὸν ἔχειν τὴν γνώμην”
Clearchus wished the entire army to be devoted to himself”
X. A. 2.5.29. Cp.
sibi,
se.
[*] 1226. When the subject of the leading clause is not the same as the subject of the subordinate clause or of the accusative with the infinitive (
1975), the context must decide to which subject the reflexive pronoun refers: (
ὁ κατήγορος)
ἔφη . . . ἀναπείθοντα τοὺς νέους αὐτὸν . . . οὕτω διατιθέναι τοὺς ἐαυτῷ συνόντας κ.τ.λ. the accuser
said that, by persuading the young, he (Socrates)
so disposed his (i.e. Socrates')
pupils, etc.
X. M. 1.2.52.
[*] 1227.
ἑαυτοῦ, etc., are rarely used as indirect reflexives in adjectival clauses:
τὰ ναυά_για, ὅσα πρὸς τῇ ἑαυτῶν (
γῇ) ““
ἦν, ἀνείλοντο”
they took up the wrecks, as many as were close to their own land”
T. 2.92.
[*] 1228. Instead of the indirect
ἑαυτοῦ, etc., there may be used
a. The oblique cases of
αὐτός: ““
ἐπειρᾶτο τοὺς Ἀθηναίους τῆς ἐς αὐτὸν ὀργῆς παραλύ_ειν”
he tried to divert the Athenians from their anger against himself”
T. 2.65. When
ἑαυτοῦ, etc. precede,
αὐτοῦ, etc. are usual instead of the direct reflexive: ““
τὴν ἑαυτοῦ γνώμην ἀπεφαίνετο Σωκράτης πρὸς τοὺς ὁμι_λοῦντας αὐτῷ”
Socrates was wont to set forth his opinion to those who conversed with him”
X. M. 4.7.1.
b. Of the forms of the third personal pronoun,
οἷ and
σφίσι (rarely
οὗ, σφεῖς, σφῶν, and
σφᾶς). Thus, ““
ἠρώτα_ αὐτὴν εἰ ἐθελήσοι δια_κονῆσαί οἱ”
he asked her if she would be willing to do him a service”
Ant. 1.16, ““
τοὺς παῖδας ἐκέλευον τοῦ Κύ_ρου δεῖσθαι διαπρά_ξασθαι σφίσιν”
they ordered their boys to ask Cyrus to get it done for them”
X. C. 1.4.1, ““
κελεύουσι γὰρ ἡμᾶς κοινῇ μετὰ σφῶν πολεμεῖν”
for they urge us to make war in common with them”
And. 3.27,
ἔφη δέ, ἐπειδὴ οὗ ἐκβῆναι τὴν ψυ_χὴν . . . . . . ἀφικνεῖσθαι σφᾶς εἰς τόπον τινὰ δαιμόνιον he said that when his soul had departed out of him, they (he and others)
came to a mysterious place P. R. 614b. See
1195.
N. 1.—
σφεῖς may be employed in a dependent sentence if the pronoun is itself the subject of a subordinate statement, and when the reference to the subject of the leading verb is demanded by way of contrast or emphasis: ““
εἰσαγαγὼν τοὺς ἄλλους στρατηγοὺς . . . λέγειν ἐκέλευεν αὐτοὺς ὅτι οὐδὲν ἂν ἧττον σφεῖς ἀγάγοιεν τὴν στρατιὰ_ν ἢ Ξενοφῶν”
after bringing in the rest of the generals he urged them to say that they could lead the army just as well as Xenophon”
X. A. 7.5.9. Here
αὐτοί (
ipsi) is possible. In the singular
αὐτός is necessary.
N. 2.—Thucydides often uses the plural forms in reference to the
nearest subject:
τοὺς ξυμμάχους ἐδέδισαν σφῶν they were afraid of their own allies ( =
σφῶν αὐτῶν) 5. 14.
N. 3.—
ἑαυτοῦ, etc., are either direct or indirect reflexives,
οἷ and
σφίσι are only indirect reflexives.
[*] 1229.
οὗ, σφίσι, etc., and the oblique cases of
αὐτός are used when the subordinate clause does not form a part of the thought of the principal subject. This is usual in subordinate indicative clauses, and very common in
ὅτι and
ὡς clauses, in indirect questions, and in general in subordinate clauses not directly dependent on the main verb:
τῶν πρέσβεων, οἳ σφίσι (
1481)
περὶ τῶν σπονδῶν ἔτυχον ἀπόντες, ἠμέλουν they thought no more about their envoys, who were absent on the subject of the truce T. 5.44,
ἐφοβοῦντο μὴ ἐπιθοῖντο αὐτοῖς οἱ πολέμιοι they were afraid lest the enemy should attack them (
selves)
X. A. 3.4.1.
[*] 1230. The reflexive pronoun of the third person is sometimes used for that of the first or second: ““
δεῖ ἡμᾶς ἀνερέσθαι ἑαυτούς”
we must ask ourselves”
P. Ph. 78b, ““
παράγγελλε τοῖς ἑαυτοῦ”
give orders to your men”
X. C. 6.3.27.
a. In Homer
ὅς his is used for
ἐμός or
σός: ““
οὔτοι ἔγωγε ἧς γαίης δύναμαι γλυκερώτερον ἄλλο ἰδέσθαι”
I can look on nothing sweeter than my own land”
ι 28.
[*] 1231.
Reciprocal Reflexive.—The plural forms of the reflexive pronouns are often used for the reciprocal
ἀλλήλων, ἀλλήλοις, etc.:
ἡμῖν αὐτοῖς διαλεξόμεθα we will converse with (
ourselves)
one another D. 48.6.
[*] 1232. But the reciprocal must be used when the idea ‘each for or with himself’ is expressed or implied:
μᾶλλον χαίρουσιν ἐπὶ τοῖς ἀλλήλων κακοῖς ἢ τοῖς αὑτῶν ἰδίοις ἀγαθοῖς ( =
ἢ ἐπὶ τοῖς αὑτοῦ ἕκαστος ἀγαθοῖς)
they take greater pleasure in one another's troubles than each man in his own good fortune I. 4.168, ““
οὔτε γὰρ ἑαυτοῖς οὔτε ἀλλήλοις ὁμολογοῦσιν”
they are in agreement neither with themselves nor with one another”
P. Phae. 237c. Reciprocal and reflexive may occur in the same sentence without difference of meaning (
D. 48.9). The reflexive is regularly used when there is a contrast (expressed or implied) with
ἄλλοι:
φθονοῦσιν ἑαυτοῖς μᾶλλον ἢ τοῖς ἄλλοις ἀνθρώποις they envy one another more than (they envy)
the rest of mankind X. M. 3.5.16.
αὐτός EMPHATIC OR REFLEXIVE WITH OTHER PRONOUNS
[*] 1233. Of the plural forms,
ἡμῶν αὐτῶν, etc. may be either emphatic or reflexive;
αὐτῶν ἡμῶν, etc. are emphatic only; but
σφῶν αὐτῶν is only reflexive (
αὐτῶν σφῶν is not used). In Hom.
αὐτόν may mean
myself,
thyself , or
himself, and
ἓ αὐτόν, οἷ αὐτῷ, etc. are either emphatic or reflexive.
[*] 1234.
ἡμῶν (
ὑ_μῶν, σφῶν)
αὐτῶν often mean ‘their own men,’ ‘their own side’:
φυλακὴν σφῶν τε αὐτῶν καὶ τῶν ξυμμάχων καταλιπόντες leaving a garrison (consisting)
of their own men and of the allies T. 5.114.
[*] 1235.
αὐτός, in agreement with the subject, may be used in conjunction with a reflexive pronoun for the sake of emphasis: ““
αὐτοὶ ἐφ᾽ ἑαυτῶν ἐχώρουν”
they marched by themselves”
X. A. 2.4.10, ““
αὐτὸς . . . ἑαυτὸν ἐν μέσῳ κατετίθετο τοῦ στρατοπέδου”
he located himself in the centre of the camp”
X. C. 8.5.8.
[*] 1236.
αὐτός may be added to a personal pronoun for emphasis. The forms
ἐμὲ αὐτόν, αὐτόν με, etc. are not reflexive like
ἐμαυτόν, etc. Thus, ““
τοὺς παῖδας τοὺς ἐμοὺς ᾔσχυ_νε καὶ ἐμὲ αὐτὸν ὕ_βρισε”
he disgraced my children and insulted me myself”
L. 1.4. Cp.
αὐτῷ μοι ἐπέσσυτο he sprang upon me myself E 459. Cp. 329 D.
[*] 1237. The force of
αὐτός thus added is to differentiate. Thus
ἐμὲ αὐτόν means
myself and no other,
ἐμαυτόν means simply
myself without reference to others.
ὑ_μᾶς αὐτούς is the usual order in the reflexive combination; but the differentiating
you yourselves (
and no others) may be
ὑ_μᾶς αὐτούς or
αὐτοὺς ὑ_μᾶς.
THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
[*] 1238. The demonstrative pronouns are used substantively or adjectively:
οὗτος, or
οὗτος ὁ ἀνήρ,
this man.
[*] 1239. A demonstrative pronoun may agree in gender with a substantive predicated of it, if connected with the substantive by a copulative verb (
917) expressed or understood:
αὕτη (for
τοῦτο) ““
ἀρίστη διδασκαλία_”
this is the best manner of learning”
X. C. 8.7.24,
εἰ δέ τις ταύτην (for
τοῦτο) ““
εἰρήνην ὑπολαμβάνει”
but if any one regards this as peace”
D. 9.9.
a. But the unattracted neuter is common, especially in definitions where the pronoun is the predicate:
τοῦτ᾽ ἔστιν ἡ δικαιοσύνη this is (what we call)
justice P. R. 432b. So
οὐχ ὕβρις ταῦτ᾽ ἐστί;
is not this insolence? Ar. Ran. 21.
[*] 1240.
οὗτος and
ὅδε this usually refer to something near in place, time, or thought;
ἐκεῖνος that refers to something more remote.
οὑτοσί_ and
ὁδί_ are emphatic, deictic (333 g) forms (
this here).
[*] 1241.
Distinction between οὗτος and ὅδε.—
ὅδε hic points with emphasis to an object in the immediate (actual or mental) vicinity of the speaker, or to something just noticed. In the drama it announces the approach of a new actor.
ὅδε is even used of the speaker himself as the demonstrative of the first person (
1242).
οὗτος iste may refer to a person close at hand, but less vividly, as in statements in regard to a person concerning whom a question has been asked. When
ὅδε and
οὗτος are contrasted,
ὅδε refers to the more important,
οὗτος to the less important, object. Thus, ““
ἀλλ᾽ ὅδε βασιλεὺς χωρεῖ”
but lo! here comes the king”
S. Ant. 155,
αὕτη πέλας σοῦ here she (the person you ask for)
is near thee S. El. 1474, ““
καὶ ταῦτ᾽ ἀκούειν κἄ_τι τῶνδ᾽ ἀλγί_ονα”
so that we obey both in these things and in things yet more grievous”
S. Ant. 64. See also
1245.
οὗτος has a wider range of use than the other demonstratives.
[*] 1242.
ὅδε is used in poetry for
ἐγώ:
τῆσδέ ( =
ἐμοῦ) ““
γε ζώσης ἔτι”
while I still live”
S. Tr. 305. Also for the possessive pronoun of the first person: ““
εἴ τις τούσδ᾽ ἀκούσεται λόγους”
if any one shall hear these my words”
S. El. 1004.
[*] 1243.
οὗτος is sometimes used of the second person:
τίς οὑτοσί_;
who's this here? ( =
who are you?)
Ar. Ach. 1048. So in exclamations:
οὗτος, τί ποιεῖς;
you there! what are you doing? Ar. Ran. 198.
[*] 1244.
τάδε, τάδε πάντα (
ταῦτα πάντα) are used of something close at hand: ““
οὐκ Ἴωνες τάδε εἰσίν”
the people here are not Ionians”
T. 6.77.
[*] 1245.
οὗτος (
τοιοῦτος, τοσοῦτος, and
οὕτως) generally refers to what precedes,
ὅδε (
τοιόσδε, τοσόσδε, τηλικόσδε, and
ὧδε) to what follows.
Thus,
τοιάδε ἔλεξεν he spoke as follows, but
τοιαῦτα (
τοσαῦτα)
εἰπών after speaking thus. Cp. ““
ὁ Κῦρος ἀκούσα_ς τοῦ Γωβρύου τοιαῦτα τοιάδε πρὸς αὐτὸν ἔλεξε”
Cyrus after hearing these words of Gobryas answered him as follows”
X. C. 5.2.31.
[*] 1246.
καὶ οὗτος meaning (1)
he too, likewise; (2)
and in fact, and that too, points back: ““
Ἀγία_ς καὶ Σωκράτης . . . καὶ τούτω ἀπεθανέτην”
Agias and Socrates . . . they too were put to death”
X. A. 2.6.30;
ἀπόρων ἐστὶ . . . καὶ τούτων πονηρῶν it is characteristic of men without resources and that too worthless 2. 5. 21 (cp.
1320). On
καὶ ταῦτα see
947.
[*] 1247. But
οὗτος, etc. sometimes (especially in the neuter) refer to what follows, and
ὅδε, etc. (though much less often) refer to what precedes: ““
μετὰ δὲ τοῦτον εἰ_πε τοσοῦτον”
but after him he spoke as follows”
X. A. 1.3.14, ““
τοιούτους λόγους εἶπεν”
he spoke as follows”
T. 4.58,
τοιάδε παρακελευόμενος exhorting them thus (as set forth before) 7. 78,
ὧδε θάπτουσιν they bury them thus (as described before) 2. 34,
οὕτως ἔχει the case is as follows (often in the orators).
[*] 1248.
οὗτος (especially in the neuter
τοῦτο) may refer forward to a word or sentence in apposition:
ὡς μὴ τοῦτο μόνον ἐννοῶνται, τί πείσονται that they may not consider this alone (namely)
what they shall suffer X. A. 3.1.41. So also
οὕτως. ἐκεῖνος also may refer forward:
ἐκεῖνο κερδαίνειν ἡγεῖται τὴν ἡδονήν this (namely)
pleasure,
it regards as gain P. R. 606b. Cp.
990.
[*] 1249.
οὗτος (
τοιοῦτος, etc.) is regularly,
ὅδε (
τοιόσδε, etc.) rarely, used as the demonstrative antecedent of a relative: ““
ὅταν τοιαῦτα λέγῃς, ἃ οὐδεὶς ἂν φήσειεν ἀνθρώπων”
when you say such things as no one in the world would say”
P. G. 473e.
οὗτος is often used without a conjunction at the beginning of a sentence.
[*] 1250. When
ὅδε retains its full force the relative clause is to be regarded as a supplementary addition: ““
οὗ δὴ οὖν ἕνεκα λέγω ταῦτα πάντα τόδ᾽ ἐστί”
but here's the reason why I say all this!”
P. Charm. 165a.
[*] 1251. The demonstratives
οὗτος, etc., when used as antecedents, have an emphatic force that does not reproduce the (unemphatic) English demonstrative
those, e.g. in
you released those who were present. Here Greek uses the participle (
τοὺς παρόντας ἀπελύ_σατε L. 20.20) or omits the antecedent.
[*] 1252.
οὗτος (less often
ἐκεῖνος) may take up and emphasize a preceding subject or object. In this use the pronoun generally comes first, but may be placed after an emphatic word:
ποιήσαντες στήλην ἐψηφίσαντο εἰς ταύτην ἀναγράφειν τοὺς α᾽:λιτηρίους having made a slab they voted to inscribe on it the (names of the)
offenders Lyc. 117, ““
ἃ ἂν εἴπῃς, ἔμμενε τούτοις”
whatever you say, hold to it”
P. R. 345b. The anaphoric
αὐτός in its oblique cases is weaker (
1214).
[*] 1253.
τοῦτο, ταῦτα (and
αὐτό) may take up a substantive idea not expressed by a preceding neuter word:
οἳ τὴν Ἑλλάδα ἠλευθέρωσαν: ἡμεῖς δὲ οὐδ᾽ ἡμῖν αὐτοῖς βεβαιοῦμεν αὐτό (i.e.
τὴν ἐλευθερία_ν)
who freed Greece; whereas we cannot secure this (liberty)
even for ourselves T. 1.122.
[*] 1254.
οὗτος (less frequently
ἐκεῖνος) is used of well known persons and things. Thus,
Γοργία_ς οὗτος this (famous)
Gorgias P. Hipp. M. 282b (cp.
ille),
τούτους τοὺς συ_κοφάντα_ς these (notorious)
informers P. Cr. 45a (cp.
iste),
τὸν Ἀριστείδην ἐκεῖνον that (famous)
Aristides D. 3.21,
Καλλία_ν ἐκεῖνον that (infamous)
Callias 2. 19.
ἐκεῖνος may be used of a deceased person (
P. R. 368a).
[*] 1255. When, in the same sentence, and referring to the same object,
οὗτος (or
ἐκεῖνος) is used more than once, the object thus designated is more or less emphatic:
ὁ θεὸς ἐξαιρούμενος τούτων τὸν νοῦν τούτοις χρῆται ὑπηρέταις the god deprives them of their senses and employs them as his ministers P. Ion 534 c. For the repeated
οὗτος (
ἐκεῖνος) an oblique case of
αὐτός is usual.
[*] 1256.
τοῦτο μέν . . . τοῦτο δέ first . . . secondly,
partly . . . partly has, especially in Hdt., nearly the sense of
τὸ μέν . . . τὸ δέ (
1111).
[*] 1257.
ἐκεῖνος refers back (rarely forward,
1248), but implies remoteness in place, time, or thought.
““
Κῦρος καθορᾷ βασιλέα_ καὶ τὸ ἀμφ᾽ ἐκεῖνον στῖφος”
Cyrus perceives the king and the band around him”
X. A. 1.8.26,
νῆες ἐκεῖναι ἐπιπλέουσιν yonder are ships sailing up to us
T. 1.51.
[*] 1258.
ἐκεῖνος may refer to any person other than the speaker and the person addressed; and may be employed of a person not definitely described, but referred to in a supposed case. It is even used of the person already referred to by
αὐτός in an oblique case: ““
ἂ_ν αὐτῷ διδῷς ἀργύριον καὶ πείθῃς ἐκεῖνον”
if you give him money and persuade him”
P. Pr. 310d.
ἐκεῖνος, when so used, usually stands in a different case than
αὐτός. The order
ἐκεῖνος . . . αὐτός is found: ““
πρὸς μὲν ἐκείνους οὐκ εῖπεν ἣν ἔχοι γνώμην, ἀλλ᾽ ἀπέπεμψεν αὐτούς”
he did not tell them the plan he had, but dismissed them”
X. H. 3.2.9.
[*] 1259. When used to set forth a contrast to another person,
ἐκεῖνος may even refer to the subject of the leading verb (apparent reflexive use):
ὅταν ἐν τῇ γῇ ὁρῶσιν ἡμᾶς δῃοῦντάς τε καὶ τἀ_κείνων φθείροντας when they (the Athenians)
see us (the Dorians)
in their land plundering and destroying their property ( =
τὰ ἑαυτῶν)
T. 2.11,
ἔλεξε τοῖς Χαλδαίοις ὅτι ἥκοι οἴτε ἀπολέσαι ἐπιθυ_μῶν ἐκείνους οὔτε πολεμεῖν δεόμενος he said to the Chaldaeans that he had come neither with the desire to destroy them (
ἐκείνους is stronger than
αὐτούς)
nor because he wanted to war with them X. C. 3.2.12.
[*] 1260. In the phrase
ὅδε ἐκεῖνος, ὅδε marks a person or thing as present,
ἐκεῖνος a person or thing mentioned before or well known: ““
ὅδ᾽ ἐκεῖνος ἐγώ”
lo! I am he”
S. O. C. 138. Colloquial expressions are
τοῦτ᾽ ἐκεῖνο there it is! (lit.
this is that)
Ar. Ach. 41, and ““
τόδ᾽ ἐκεῖνο”
I told you so”
E. Med. 98.
[*] 1261.
Distinction between οὗτος and ἐκεῖνος.—When reference is made to one of two contrasted objects,
οὗτος refers to the object nearer to the speaker's thought, or to the more important object, or to the object last mentioned. Thus,
ὥστε πολὺ ἂν δικαιότερον ἐκείνοις τοῖς γράμμασιν ἢ τούτοις πιστεύοιτε so that you must with more justice put your trust in those lists (not yet put in as evidence)
than in these muster-rolls (already mentioned)
L. 16.7, ““
εἰ δὲ τοῦτό σοι δοκεῖ μι_κρὸν εἶναι, ἐκεῖνο κατανόησον”
but if this appear to you unimportant, consider the following”
X. C. 5.5.29.
ἐκεῖνος may refer to an object that has immediately preceded:
καὶ (
δεῖ)
τὸ βέλτιστον ἀεί, μὴ τὸ ῥᾷστον, ἅπαντας λέγειν: ἐπ᾽ ἐκεῖνο μὲν (i.e.
τὸ ῥᾷστον)
γὰρ ἡ φύσις αὐτὴ βαδιεῖται, ἐπὶ τοῦτο δὲ (
τὸ βέλτιστον) ““
τῷ λόγῳ δεῖ προάγεσθαι διδάσκοντα τὸν ἀγαθὸν πολί_την”
it is necessary that all should speak what is always most salutary, not what is most agreeable; for to the latter nature herself will incline; to the former a good citizen must direct by argument and instruction”
D. 8.72.
THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS
[*] 1262. The interrogative pronouns are used substantively
τίς;
who? or adjectively
τίς ἀνήρ;
what man?
[*] 1263. The interrogatives (pronouns and adverbs, 340,
346) are used in direct and in indirect questions. In indirect questions the indefinite relatives
ὅστις, etc., are generally used instead of the interrogatives.
τί βούλεται ἡμῖν χρῆσθαι;
for what purpose does he desire to employ us? X. A. 1.3.18,
οὐκ οἶδα ὅ τι ἄν τις χρήσαιτο αὐτοῖς I do not know for what service any one could employ them 3. 1. 40, A.
πηνίκ᾽ ἐστὶν ἄρα τῆς ἡμέρας; B.
ὁπηνίκα; A.
What's the time of day? B. (
You ask),
what time of day it is? Ar. Av. 1499.
N.—For peculiarities of Interrogative Sentences, see
2666,
2668.
[*] 1264.
τί is used for
τίνα as the predicate of a neuter plural subject when the general result is sought and the subject is considered as a unit:
ταῦτα δὲ τί ἐστιν;
but these things, what are they? Aes. 3.167.
τίνα emphasizes the details:
τίν᾽ οὖν ἐστι ταῦτα;
D. 18.246.
[*] 1265.
τίς asks a question concerning the class,
τί concerning the nature of a thing: ““
εἰπὲ τίς ἡ τέχνη”
say of what sort the art is”
P. G. 449a,
τί σωφροσύνη, τί πολι_τικός;
what is temperance, what is a statesman? X. M. 1.1.16,
φθόνον δὲ σκοπῶν ὅ τι εἴη considering what envy is (
quid sit invidia)
X. M. 3.9.8.
THE INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
[*] 1266. The indefinite pronoun
τὶς, τὶ is used both substantively (
some one) and adjectively (
any,
some).
τὶς, τὶ cannot stand at the beginning of a sentence (181 b).
[*] 1267. In the singular,
τὶς is used in a collective sense:
everybody (for
anybody); cp. Germ.
man, Fr.
on: ““
ἀλλὰ μι_σεῖ τις ἐκεῖνον”
but everybody detests him”
D. 4.8.
ἕκαστός τις, πᾶς τις each one, every one are generally used in this sense.
τὶς may be a covert allusion to a known person:
δώσει τις δίκην some one (i.e.
you)
will pay the penalty Ar. Ran. 554. It may also stand for
I or
we. Even when added to a noun with the article,
τὶς denotes the indefiniteness of the person referred to:
ὅταν δ᾽ ὁ κύ_ριος παρῇ τις, ὑ_μῶν ὅστις ἐστὶν ἡγεμών κτλ.
but whenever your master arrives, whoever he be that is your leader, etc.
S. O. C. 289. With a substantive,
τὶς may often be rendered
a,
an, as in ““
ἕτερός τις δυνάστης”
another dignitary”
X. A. 1.2.20; or, to express indefiniteness of nature, by
a sort of, etc., as in
εἰ μὲν θεοί τινές εἰσιν οἱ δαίμονες if the ‘
daimones’
are a sort of gods P. A. 27d.
[*] 1268. With adjectives, adverbs, and numerals,
τὶς may strengthen or weaken an assertion, apologize for a comparison, and in general qualify a statement: ““
δεινός τις ἀνήρ”
a very terrible man”
P. R. 596c, ““
μύωψ τις”
a sort of gad-fly”
P. A. 30e, ““
σχεδόν τι”
pretty nearly”
X. O. 4.11, ““
τριά_κοντά τινες”
about 30”
T. 8.73. But in
παρεγένοντό τινες δύο νῆες the numeral is appositional to
τινές (
certain,
that is, two ships joined them)
T. 8.100.
[*] 1269.
τὶς, τὶ sometimes means
somebody , or
something,
of importance: ““
τὸ δοκεῖν τινὲς εἶναι”
the seeming to be somebody”
D. 21.213, ““
ἔδοξέ τι λέγειν”
he seemed to say something of moment”
X. C. 1.4.20.
[*] 1270.
τὶ is not omitted in ““
θαυμαστὸν λέγεις”
what you say is wonderful”
P. L. 657a.
ἤ τις ἢ οὐδείς means
few or none X. C. 7.5.45, ““
ἤ τι ἢ οὐδέν”
little or nothing”
P. A. 17b.
THE ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS ἄλλος AND ἕτερος
[*] 1271.
ἄλλος strictly means
other (of several),
ἕτερος other (of two). On
ὁ ἄλλος, οἱ ἄλλοι see
1188.
a. ἕτερος is sometimes used loosely for
ἄλλος, but always with a sense of
difference; when so used it does not take the article.
[*] 1272.
ἄλλος, and
ἕτερος (rarely), may be used attributively with a substantive, which is to be regarded as an appositive. In this sense they may be rendered
besides,
moreover,
as well: οἱ ἄλλοι Ἀθηναῖοι the Athenians as well (
the others, i.e.
the Athenians)
T. 7.70, ““
τοὺς ὁπλί_τα_ς καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους ἱππέα_ς”
the hoplites and the cavalry besides”
X. H. 2.4.9,
γέρων χωρεῖ μεθ᾽ ἑτέρου νεα_νίου an old man comes with (
a second person, a young man)
a young man besides Ar. Eccl. 849. Cp. “And there were also two other malefactors led with him to be put to death” St. Luke 23. 32.
[*] 1273.
ἄλλος other,
rest often precedes the particular thing with which it is contrasted:
τά τε ἄλλα ἐτί_μησε καὶ μυ_ρίους ἔδωκε δα_ρεικούς he gave me ten thousand darics besides honouring me in other ways (lit.
he both honoured me in other ways and etc.)
X. A. 1.3.3, ““
τῷ μὲν ἄλλῳ στρατῷ ἡσύχαζεν, ἑκατὸν δὲ πελταστὰ_ς προπέμπει”
with the rest of the army he kept quiet, but sent forward a hundred peltasts”
T. 4.111.
[*] 1274.
ἄλλος followed by another of its own cases or by an adverb derived from itself (cp.
alius aliud, one . . . one,
another . . . another) does not require the second half of the statement to be expressed:
ἄλλος ἄλλα λέγει one says one thing, another (
says)
another X. A. 2.1.15 (lit.
another other things). So
ἄλλοι ἄλλως, ἄλλοι ἄλλοθεν.
a. Similarly
ἕτερος, as
συμφορὰ_ ἑτέρα_ ἑτέρους πιέζει one calamity oppresses one,
another others E. Alc. 893.
[*] 1275. After
ὁ ἄλλος an adjective or a participle used substantively usually requires the article: ““
τἆλλα τὰ μέγιστα”
the other matters of the highest moment”
P. A. 22d. Here
τὰ μέγιστα is in apposition to
τἆλλα (
1272).
οἱ ἄλλοι πάντες οἱ, τἆλλα πάντα τά sometimes omit the final article.
[*] 1276.
ὁ ἄλλος often means
usual,
general: παρὰ τὸν ἄλλον τρόπον contrary to my usual disposition Ant. 3.
β. 1.
THE RECIPROCAL PRONOUN
[*] 1277. The pronoun
ἀλλήλοιν expresses reciprocal relation: ““
ὡς δ᾽ εἰδέτην ἀλλήλους ἡ γυνὴ καὶ ὁ Ἀβραδάτα_ς, ἠσπάζοντο ἀλλήλους”
when Abradatas and his wife saw each other, they mutually embraced”
X. C. 6.1.47.
[*] 1278. To express reciprocal relation Greek uses also (1) the middle forms (
1726); (2) the reflexive pronoun (
1231); or (3) a substantive is repeated:
ἀνὴρ ἕλεν ἄνδρα man fell upon man O 328.
On Relative Pronouns see under Complex Sentences (2493 ff.).
