Concord
The three concords.
[*] 88. There are three great concords in Greek: 1. The agreement of the predicate with the subject (88-136). 2. The agreement of the attributive or the appositive with the substantive (see Index). 3. The agreement of the relative with the antecedent (see Index).Agreement of the Predicate with the Subject
[*] 88. The verbal predicate. The verbal predicate agrees with its subject in number and person. “τοῦτο γὰρ αὐτὸν ἐγὼ προὐβαλόμην καὶ περὶ τούτου τὴν ψῆφον οἴσετε νῦν ὑμεῖς”, DEM.21.28; This is why I presented him (this is the gist of my charge against him), and this is the point about which YOU are now to cast your votes. “τί ποιοῦσιν οἱ νόμοι”; DEM.21.30; What do the laws do? “τὼ μὲν οὖν ἀδελφὼ αὐτῷ, ὥ περ ἐγενέσθην, ἄμφω ἄπαιδε ἐτελευτησάτην”, ISAE. 6.6; He had both his brothers to die childless.For the use of a verb of the First Person Plural with a subject of the First Person Dual, see 105. [*] 89. The adjective predicate. The adjective predicate agrees with its subject in number, gender, and case. “δόξῃ μὲν χρήματα κτητά, δόξα δὲ χρημάτων οὐκ ὠνητή”, ISOC.2.32. “πασῶν ἦν βελτίστη” (sc. “ἡ ἐμὴ γυνή”), LYS.1.7. “ἐγὼ δὲ . . . μεστὸς ἦν ὑποψίας”, Ibid. 17. “αἱ δεύτεραί πως φροντίδες σοφώτεραι”, EUR. Hipp. 436 (84). “αἰσχρὸς φανοῦμαι”, SOPH. Ph. 906 (Neoptolemos speaks). [*] 90. Concord when the subject is an infinitive or a sentence, or the verb is impersonal. When the subject is an infinitive or a sentence (77), or the verb is impersonal (76), the predicate adjective (including verbals in -“τέος”) is regularly in the neuter singular. “ἀκοῦσαί γ᾽ ἄξιον,” AR. Eq. 624 ; 'Tis worth the while to lend an ear. “φανερὸν ἦν ὅτι οὐδὲν δεινὸν ἐγεγόνει περὶ τὴν πόλιν,” LYCURG. 21 ; It was evident that no calamity had befallen the city. “δεινὸν . . . εἰ μαχούμεθα,” AR. Vesp. 426 ; It's dreadful if we've got to fight. “ἐρόμενος εἴ που εἰδεῖέν τι χωρίον . . . ἔνθα οὐ προσβατὸν θανάτῳ,” XEN. Apol. 23 (86). “βαδιστέον τἄρ᾽ ἐστὶν εἰς ἀγορὰν ἐμοί,” AR. Eccl. 711. LYCURG.3.Ibid. 21 (see above). LYS.12.36: “δεινὸν εἰ τοὺς . . . στρατηγοὺς . . . ἐζημιώσατε” . 18.15. 34.11: “δεινὸν γὰρ ἂν εἴη, ὦ Ἀ., εἰ . . . οὐκ οὖν αἰσχρὸν εἰ … ;” AND.1.8: “ἅμα δὲ περὶ πάντων εἰπεῖν ἀδύνατον”. ANT.1.26: “πῶς οὖν ταύτην ἐλεεῖν ἄξιόν ἐστιν”; PLATO , Crito 53 C: “ἆρα ἄξιόν σοι ζῆν ἔσται”; Theaet. 187 E: “κρεῖττον γάρ που σμικρὸν εὖ ἢ πολὺ μὴ ἱκανῶς περᾶναι”. XEN. Apol. 23 (see above). Mem. 1.7.2 (76). AR. Lys. 292. 293. Ran. 652. 656. 658. Eccl. 711 (see above). 875-6: “βαδιστέον ὁμόσ᾽ ἐστὶ δειπνήσοντα κοὐ μελλητέον” . EUR. Alc. 1078: “ῥᾷον παραινεῖν ἢ παθόντα καρτερεῖν”. Tr. 472. 637: “τοῦ ζῆν δὲ λυπρῶς κρεῖσσόν ἐστι κατθανεῖν”. 1225. PIND. P. 4.272: “ῥᾴδιον μὲν γὰρ πόλιν σεῖσαι”. SOLON, 7: “ἔργμασιν ἐν μεγάλοις πᾶσιν ἁδεῖν χαλεπόν”. MIMNERM. 2.10: “αὐτίκα τεθνάμεναι βέλτιον ἢ βίοτος”. HOM. Od. 5.359: “ὅθι μοι φάτο φύξιμον εἶναι” (37). Il. 2.298. 5.253: “οὐ γάρ μοι γενναῖον ἀλυσκάζοντι μάχεσθαι”. For the use of the neuter plural instead of the singular, see 37. [*] 91. Agreement of the predicate with the subject of the leading verb. When the subject of the infinitive is the same as the subject of the leading verb, the subject of the infinitive is commonly suppressed. In that case the substantive or adjective predicate of a copulative verb, or the predicate attributes of any verb, agree with the subject of the leading verb. “πολὺ ἂν αὐτῆς μᾶλλον ἐγὼ πολίτης δεξαίμην εἶναι ἢ ἑτέρων πόλεων”, ANDOC.1.5; Far rather would I be a citizen of her (my country) than of other states. “ἰδὼν δὲ ταῦτ᾽ ἔφη ἐπὶ Λαύριον ἰέναι”, Ibid. 39; He said that when he had seen (all) this he went on to Laurion. “ἀξιοῦμεν ἐλεύθεροι εἶναι,” XEN. Cyr. 8.1.4 ; We claim to be free. For further exx., see Infinitive. [*] 92. On the use of the Predicate Vocative for the Nominative, see 25. [*] 93. Agreement of the substantive predicate. The substantive predicate agrees with its subject in case. “τῶν γὰρ ὄμβρων καὶ τῶν αὐχμῶν . . . ὁ Ζεὺς ταμίας ἐστίν”, ISOC.11.13; Zeus is the dispenser of showers and droughts. “ἐπεὶ οὗτοί γε φανερά ἐστι . . . διαφθορὰ τῶν συγγιγνομένων”, PLATO , Meno, 91 C; Since these fellows are a manifest ruin of those who go with them. ISOC.11.13(see above). PLATO , Hipp. Mai. 284 C: “νόμον δὲ λέγεις, ὦ Ἱππία, βλάβην πόλεως εἶναι ἢ ὠφέλειαν”; Meno, 91 C (see above). HDT.2.38: “ἀσήμαντον δὲ θύσαντι θάνατος ἡ ζημίη ἐπικέεται”. PIND. P. 1.88: “πολλῶν ταμίας ἐσσί”. [*] 94. On the use of the Predicate Nominative, etc., where the Latin uses the Dative of the Object For Which, see under the Dative. [*] 95. For the Substantive Predicate agreeing with the Subject of the Leading Verb, see 91. [*] 96. Substantiva mobilia. Substantiva mobilia are treated as adjectives and follow the number and gender of the subject. “τῆς Ἀφροδίτης . . . θεράπων γέγονεν ὁ Ἔρως,” PLATO, Conv. 203C ; Eros is the man-servant (valet) of Aphrodite. “οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἐν γένει σοι ἡ ἄνθρωπος, οὐδὲ θεράπαινα”, DEM. [47]DEM., 70; The wench is of no kin to you, not even a maid (-servant). DEM. [47]DEM., 70(see above). PLATO, Conv. 203C (see above). Politic. 301 B: “βασιλέα” (sc. “αὐτόν”) “καλοῦμεν”. Tim. 22 D: “ἡμῖν δὲ ὁ Νεῖλος . . . σωτήρ”. XEN. Cyr. 1.4.9: “σὺ γὰρ νῦν γε ἡμῶν ἔοικας βασιλεὺς εἶναι” . HDT.1.7: “Ἄγρων . . . βασιλεὺς ἐγένετο Σαρδίων”, Agron became King of Sardis. 1.205: “ἦν δέ . . . γυνὴ τῶν Μασσαγετέων βασίλεια”. AR. Ran. 1127: “σωτὴρ1 γενοῦ μοι” (To Hermes).“ ἴτ᾽, ὦ μεγίστης Παλλάδος καλούμεναι
πασῶν Ἀθῆναι τιμιωτάτη πόλις,
”
General Exceptions
[*] 97. Neuter plural with singular verb. The neuter plural is treated as a collective, and takes a singular verb. “διαρπασθήσεται τὰ χρήματα,” DEM.8.54 ; Our money (treasury) will be pillaged. “ἥσθη τὰ μειράκια,” PLATO, Riv. 134B ; The lads were delighted. “τὰ κυνίδια . . . κυβιστᾶν καὶ ἄλλα πολλὰ μανθάνει,” XEN. Oec. 13.8 ; Poodles learn to turn a somersault, etc. DEM.8.54(see above). [59]DEM., 58: “ταῦτ᾽ ἔστω ὑμῖν τεκμήρια”. ANT. 5.20: “συνέπλει δὲ τά τε ἀνδράποδα”. PLATO, Crat. 402A: “πάντα χωρεῖ καὶ οὐδὲν μένει”. Riv.134B (see above). THUC.6.32.1: “ἐπειδὴ . . . ἐσέκειτο πάντα”. HDT.7.9, “γ”): “οὐκ ἐς τοῦτο θράσεος ἀνήκει τὰ Ἑλλήνων πρήγματα”. Ibid.: “ἀπὸ πείρης πάντα ἀνθρώποισι φιλέει γίνεσθαι”. AR. N. 39-40: “τὰ δὲ χρέα ... εἰς τὴν κεφαλὴν ἅπαντα τὴν σὴν τρέψεται” . Vesp. 818: “τὰ δ᾽ ἄλλ᾽ ἀρέσκει μοι.” EUR. Heracl. 838: “ἦν δὲ δύο κελεύσματα”. Ibid. 1004: “τοιαῦτα δρῶντι τἄμ᾽ ἐγίγνετ᾽ ἀσφαλῆ”. SOPH. Ph. 113: “αἱρεῖ τὰ τόξα ταῦτα τὴν Τροίαν μόνα”. AESCHYL. Pers. 418-9: “ὑπτιοῦτο δὲ” | “σκάφη νεῶν”. PIND. O. 1.77-8: “φίλια δῶρα Κυπρίας ἄγ᾽ εἴ τι, Ποσείδαον, ἐς χάριν” | “τέλλεται”. THEOGN. 171-2: “οὔ τοι ἄτερ θεῶν” | “γίνεται ἀνθρώποις οὔτ᾽ ἀγάθ̓ οὔτε κακά”. HOMER. — In Homer, neuter plurals are found sometimes with the singular, sometimes with the plural. There is a long list of neuter plurals2 that are construed only with a singular verb; other words, such as “πάντα, ταῦτα, ἅρματα, δούρατα”, etc., occur with both singular and plural verbs, and a few are used exclusively with the plural. Examples of the neuter plural with a singular verb are: Od. 4.703: “τῆς δ᾽ αὐτοῦ λύτο γούνατα”. 5.297: “καὶ τότ᾽ Ὀδυσσῆος λύτο γούνατα”. Il. 10.252: “ἄστρα δὲ δὴ προβέβηκε”. 24.420: “σὺν δ᾽ ἕλκεα πάντα μέμυκεν”. [*] 98. This construction is ascribed to the form, for some of the neuter plurals seem to have been originally collective singulars. [*] 99. Adjective predicate of neuter plural subject. The adjective predicate of the neuter plural subject is, of course, plural. “ταῦτ᾽ ἐστὶν ἀληθῆ”, DEM.2.19; That is true. [*] 100. Neuter dual subject. The neuter dual is found with the dual, the plural, and the singular. “ὄσσε” w. dual: HOM. Od. 4, [662]. Il. 1.104: “ὄσσε δέ οἱ πυρὶ λαμπετάοντι ἐίκτην”. 17.679-80. “ὄσσε” w. plural: HOM. Il. 1.200: “δεινὼ δέ οἱ ὄσσε φάανθεν”. 19.16-7. “ὄσσε” w. sing.: HOM. Od. 6.131-2: “ἒν δέ οἱ ὄσσε” | “δαίεται”. Il. 12.466. 23.477. [*] 101. Accusative absolute in plural accompanied by a participial predicate in the singular. In the accusative absolute, the participial predicate sometimes follows the analogy of the verbal predicate. See Participial Accusative. [*] 102. Neuter plural with a plural verb. When the neuter is merely a formal neuter, the plural verb may be used. So also when variety is emphasized (distributive plural). In older poetry, this occurs frequently when the plural form of the verb would be more convenient than the singular, yet not without a tinge of personification or a suspicion of dualism. In the mechanical syntax of later Greek the neuter plural with the verb plural becomes common. “οὐ μὴν τὰ μειράκια . . . τὴν αὐτὴν ἐμοὶ γνώμην ἔσχεν, ἀλλ᾽ ἐμὲ μὲν ἐπῄνεσαν . . . ἐκείνου δὲ κατεφρόνησαν”, ISOC.12.229; True, the lads did not take the same view with me, but (for all that) they applauded me and despised him. ISOC.12.229: “οὐ μὴν τὰ μειράκια τὰ πᾶσι παραγεγενημένα τούτοις τὴν αὐτὴν ἐμοὶ γνώμην ἔσχεν, ἀλλ᾽ ἐμὲ μὲν ἐπῄνεσαν ὡς διειλεγμένον τε νεαρωτέρως ἢ προσεδόκησαν, . . . ἐκείνου δὲ κατεφρόνησαν, οὐκ ὀρθῶς γιγνώσκοντες ἀλλὰ διημαρτηκότες ἀμφοτέρων ἡμῶν”. ANT. 5.34: “οὐδέτερα ὠφέλησαν”, Neither did any good (sc. “τἀληθῆ . . . τὰ ψευδῆ”); but Blass follows Reiske and the Zurich editors in reading “ὠφέλησεν”. PLATO, Lach. 180E: “τὰ γὰρ μειράκια τάδε πρὸς ἀλλήλους οἴκοι διαλεγόμενοι θαμὰ ἐπιμέμνηνται Σωκράτους καὶ σφόδρα ἐπαινοῦσιν”, These lads, while conversing with each other at home, often make mention of Socrates, and praise him highly. Legg. 856 D-E: “τῶν δὲ λαχόντων τὰ ὀνόματα εἰς” “Δελφοὺς πεμφθέντων”, Let the names of those who drew the lot be sent to Delphi. XEN. Cyr. 2.3.9: “ὥσπερ γε καὶ τἄλλα ζῷα ἐπίστανταί τινα μάχην ἕκαστα . . . καὶ φυλάττεσθαί γ̓, ἔφη, ἅπαντα ταῦτα ἑπίστανται” . 5.1.14: “τὰ μοχθηρὰ ἀνθρώπια πασῶν οἶμαι τῶν ἐπιθυμιῶν ἀκρατῆ ἑστι, κἄπειτα ἔρωτα αἰτιῶνται” , The wretched mass of humanity is powerless over all its desires, and then they (the individuals) blame love. Hell. 1.1.23: “παρὰ δὲ Ἱπποκράτους . . . εἰς Λακεδαίμονα γράμματα πεμφθέντα ἑάλωσαν εἰς Ἀθήνας” . THUC.3.82.8: “τὰ δὲ μέσα τῶν πολιτῶν . . . διεφθείροντο”, The neutral party of the citizens (in the state) were exposed to ruin. 5.75.2: “Κάρνεια . . . ἐτύγχανον ὄντα” , The Karneia happened to be holding, but HDT.7.206: “Κάρνεια γάρ σφι ἦν ἐμποδών”. 6.13.1: “ἐπιθυμίᾳ μὲν ἐλάχιστα κατορθοῦνται, προνοίᾳ δὲ πλεῖστα”. HDT. 4.149: “τοῖσι δὲ ἐν τῇ φυλη? ταύτῃ ἀνδράσι οὐ γὰρ ὑπέμειναν τὰ τέκνα, ἱδρύσαντο . . . ἱρόν: καὶ μετὰ τοῦτο ὑπέμειναν” .PIND. O. 2.92. 8.12. 10 (11), 85. P. 1.13. 4.121: “ἐκ δ᾽ ἄῤ αὐτου_ πομφόλυξαν δάκρυα γηραλέων γλεφάρων”. 9.88: “τά” (sc. “ὕδατα”) “νιν θρέψαντο καὶ Ἰφικλέα”, Which waters reared him and Iphikles. See remark on HOMER, 97. Od. 4.132: “χρυσῷ δ᾽ ἔπι χείλεα κεκράαντο”. Ibid. 417-8: “ὅσσ᾽ ἐπὶ γαῖαν” | “ἑρπετὰ γίγνονται”. 437: “πάντα δ᾽ ἔσαν” (sc. “τὰ δέρματα”) “νεόδαρτα”. Il. 7.102: “νίκης πείρατ᾽ ἔχονται ἐν ἀθανάτοισι θεοῖσιν”, The cords (lit. = rope-ends) of victory are in the holding of the immortal gods. (Elsewhere in Homer “πείρατα” takes a singular verb.) Ibid. 16.403-4: “ἐκ δ᾽ ἄρα χειρῶν” | “ἡνία ἠίχθησαν”, The reins leaped (like a pair of living things). [*] 103. Neuter plural subject with a dual verb. The neuter plural subject may take a dual verb when the subject comprises but two. PLATO, Tim. 56E: “δύο πυρὸς σώματα εἰς ἓν ξυνίστασθον εἶδος ἀέρος”, Two corpuscles of fire combine into one figure of air. Compare ibid. 56 D-E (124), where “γενοίσθην” is due to the neuter plural predicate “δύο σώματα”. [*] 104. The singular, however, is the rule: AESCHIN.1.116: “δύο δέ μοι τῆς κατηγορίας εἴδη λέλειπται”, Two heads of the accusation are left me—I have two heads of the accusation left. On the use of the Neuter Plural Adjective Predicate for the Singular, see 37. [*] 105. Dual subject with plural verb. When the subject is of the dual number, but of the first person, the verb is regularly of the plural number, for in the first person the dual and the plural forms of the verb coincide, the dual in -“μεθον” occurring but thrice in classic Greek, and being even then questioned by some scholars. “ἐπεδικασάμεθα ἄμφω”, AND.1.120; We laid our claims (to the heiresses), both of us. “νὼ καταβάντε εἰς τὸ Νυμφῶν να_μα . . . ἠκούσαμεν λόγων, οἳ κτἑ.”, PLATO, Phaedr. 278B; We both went down to the fount of the Nymphs and heard utterances, which etc. ANDOC.1.120(see above). PLATO, Phaedr. 278B (see above). [*] 106. When the dual subject is of the second or of the third person, the verb is occasionally in the plural. “δισσὼ γὰρ ἀστέρ᾽ ἱππικοῖς ἐπὶ ζυγοῖς” | “σταθέντ᾽ ἔκρυψαν ἅρμα λυγαίῳ νέφει”, EUR. Heracl. 854-5; Twain stars atop the horses' yokes did perch | and hid the chariot with a murky cloud. PLATO, Phaedr. 256C: “φίλω μὲν οὖν καὶ τούτω . . . ἀλλήλοιν διά τε τοῦ ἔρωτος καὶ ἔξω γενομένω διάγουσι”. AR. Ach. 1216-7: “ἐμοῦ δέ γε σφὼ . . . ἄμφω . . . προσλάβεσθ᾽, ὦ φίλαι.” EUR. Heracl. 854-5 (see above). Or. 1415: “ἔβαλον ἔβαλον . . . ἄμφω” . Cf. Phoen. 1423-4: “γαῖαν δ᾽ ὀδὰξ ἑλόντες ἀλλήλων πέλας” | “πίπτουσιν ἄμφω κοὐ διώρισαν κράτος”. Ibid. 1454: “ἄμφω δ᾽ ἅμ᾽ ἐξέπνευσαν ἄθλιον βίον”, Both at once breathed forth a wretched life.“ ἐνεγκάτω τις ἔνδοθεν τῶν ἰσχάδων
τοῖς χοιριδίοισιν. ἆρα τρώξονται; βαβαί
οἷον ῥοθιάζουσ᾽, ὦ πολυτίμηθ᾽ Ἡράκλεις
ποδαπὰ τὰ χοιρί᾽; ὡς Τραγασαῖα φαίνεται ῾νοτε σινγ.᾿.
ἀλλ᾽ οὔτι πάσας κατέτραγον τὰς ἰσχάδας.
”
, And third (both) our twain brethren in one day self-murdering—the ill-fated pair—wrought out a common doom with mutual hands. HES. Sc.233-4: “ἐπὶ δἐ ζώνῃσι δράκοντε” | “δοιὼ ἀπῃωρεῦντ”（“ο”). HOM. Od. 4.20-2: “τὼ δ᾽ αὖτ᾽ ἐν προθύροισι δόμων . . . στῆσαν”. Il. 1.321: “τώ οἱ ἔσαν κήρυκε καὶ ὀτρηρὼ θεράποντε”. 16.218: “δὔ ἀνέρε θωρήσσοντο”, The two men 'gan to don their corselets. [*] 107. The dual subject with a plural participial attribute (semi-predication). PLATO, Euthyd. 273D: “ἐγελασάτην οὖν ἄμφω βλέψαντες εἰς ἀλλήλους”, Then they laughed, both of them, looking at one another. Compare Phaedr. 259 A: “εἰ οὖν ἴδοιεν καὶ νὼ καθάπερ τοὺς πολλοὺς ἐν μεσημβρίᾳ μὴ διαλεγομένους, ἀλλὰ νυστάζοντας”. [*] 108. Dual genitive absolute with plural participle. DEM. 24. 9: “δικαστηρίοιν δυοῖν . . . ἐψηφισμένων” . DEM. [50] 20: “ἐπιτετριηραρχημένων ἤδη μοι δυοῖν μηνοῖν” . [*] 109. Dual subject and plural predicate adjective. ISOC.12.156: “εἰ γάρ τις φαίη τὼ πόλει τούτω πλείστων ἀγαθῶν αἰτίας γεγενῆσθαι”, If any one should say that both these cities have been the authors of many blessings. (The dual in -“α” does not occur in the orators, and is rare elsewhere3). [*] 110. Dual verb with plural subject. The dual verb is used with the plural subject only when the dual notion is expressed or in some way suggested. Of the Attic orators only ANTIPHON, ANDOCIDES, LYSIAS, ISOCRATES, and ISAEUS use dual forms of the finite verb.4 “ἐξ ἧς αὐτῷ ἐγιγνέσθην υἱεῖς δύο”, ISAE. 8.7; Of whom there were born to him—by whom he had issue—two sons. ISAE. 8.7 (see above). LYS.13.37: “δύο δὲ τράπεζαι ἐν τῷ πρόσθεν τῶν τριάκοντα ἐκείσθην” , Two tables had been placed (= stood) in front of the Thirty. PLATO, Rpb. 478A-B: “εἴπερ . . . δυνάμεις . . . ἀμφότεραί ἐστον”. HOM. Il. 4.27: “καμέτην δέ μοι ἵπποι”. 9.198: “οἵ” (Aias and Odysseus) “μοι σκυζομένῳ περ Ἀχαιῶν φίλτατοί ἐστον”. 23.392-3. 417-8 = 446-7. III. Even here the plural is the rule. “καὶ τὰς εἰσφορὰς εἰσενηνόχασιν ἀμφότεροι πάσας”, ISAE. 6.60. “δύο τρόποι τυγχάνουσιν ὄντες”, ISOC.7.46; (It so happens that) there are two methods. “λοιποὶ δύο μῆνες ἦσαν”, ANT. 6.42; Two months were left. DEM.23.75: “πᾶσίν εἰσι πράγμασι . . . δύο προσθῆκαι”. 142: “ἐν δὴ Λαμψάκῳ τινὲς ἄνθρωποι γίγνονται δύο”. 180: “ἠδίκηντο . . . οἱ δύο τῶν βασιλέων”. ISAE. 2.19: “δύο γάρ εἰσιν αὐτῇ”. 6.60 (see above). ISOC.7.46(see above). ANT. 6.42(see above). [*] 112. The Plural Verb is found with a Participle in the Dual. “καὶ διαπραξαμένω τὸ λοιπὸν ἤδη χρῶνται μὲν αὐτῇ, σπανίᾳ δέ,” PLATO, Phaedr. 256C ; And having effected their desire, they continue to enjoy it, but only rarely. PLATO, Phaedr. 256C (see above). Riv. 132 B: “καὶ ἐγκλίσεις τινὰς ἐμιμοῦντο τοῖν χεροῖν ἐπικλίνοντε καὶ μάλ᾽ έσπουδακότε”. EUR. Med. 969 ff.: “ἀλλ᾽ ὦ τέκν᾽, εἰσελθόντε . . . ἱκετεύετ᾽ ἐξαιτεῖσθε” . Phoen. 1404 ff.: “ἁρπάσαντε . . . ἧκον, συμβαλόντε δ᾽ . . . ἀμφιβάντ᾽ εἰχον” . HOM. Il. 5.487-8: “μή πως, ὡς ἀψῖσι λίνου ἁλόντε πανάγρου”, | “ἀνδράσι δυσμενέεσσιν ἕλωρ καὶ κύρμα γένησθε”. 16.370-1: “πολλοὶ δ᾽ ἐν τάφρῳ ἐρυσάρματες ὠκέες ἵπποι” | “ἄξαντ᾽ ἐν πρώτῳ ῥυμῷ λίπον ἅρματ᾽ ἀνάκτων”. [*] 113. The Dual verb occurs with a complementary plural predicate participle. “κύκλους γοῦν γράφοντες ἐφαινέσθην”, PLATO, Riv. 132A-B; They were seen to be drawing circles. [*] 114. Of course the use of a Dual Predicate with a verb in the First Person Plural is not a violation of the rules of concord. See above 105. “ἐσμὲν δὲ μόνω ἐν ἐρημίᾳ”, PLATO, Phaedr. 236C; We are alone (just you and I)—all alone. [*] 115. Transition from a dual verb to a plural verb, or vice versa, takes place even within the limits of the same sentence. “ἔγημαν . . . δύο ὄντε Μεδοντιάδα . . . καὶ ξυνῳκείτην”, LYS. fr. 4 (Scheibe). “καὶ ὅτε παιδία ἤστην καὶ εὐθὺς γενόμενοι ἠπίστασθε”; PLATO, Euthyd. 294E. “ἵππους δ᾽ Ἀτρεΐδαο κιχάνετε, μηδὲ λίπησθον”, HOM. Il. 23.407. [*] 116. Dual number. The dual number carries with it the notion of a pair, natural or artificial, and emphasizes the notion “both” rather than the notion “two.” It goes back to the beginnings of Greek speech, but is not found to any great extent except in the language of the epos and in It is a stranger to Asiatic Aeolic, is absent from Herodotus, and even in Attic dies out towards the end of the fourth century, by which time it had become more or less literary and studied, as is shown by Plato 's usage. The dual declines from Aristotle to Diodorus, and rises again after Christ, but it is limited to a few familiar nouns, and of dual verbs there is but a trace. See A. J. P. xiv (1893), 521. [*] 117. Plural subject and singular verb. As the singular is the generic, and the plural the specific, a plural subject following a singular verb may be regarded as an afterthought. In Greek the oblique cases of “ἔστιν οἵ” are common, but “ἔστιν οἵ” itself is very rare, “εἰσὶν οἵ” being regularly used instead. “ἄκων δ᾽ ἔστιν οὓς ἐγὼ ἐπαινῶ καὶ φιλῶ”, PLATO, Prot. 346E; There be those whom—there are some whom—I praise and love against my will. PLATO, Prot. 346E: “ἔστιν οὕς” (see above). XEN. An. 1.5.7: “ἦν . . . οὕς” . Cyr. 2.3.18: “ἔστιν οἵ” . Hell. 3.1.7: “ἦν δὲ ἅς” . Mem. 1.4.2: “ἔστιν οὕστινας;” Ibid. 2.3.6: “ἢ ἔστιν οἷς καὶ πάνυ ἀρέσκει;” Vect.3.11: “ἔστι δὲ ἃς . . . πόλεις” . THUC.3.92.5: “πλὴν Ἰώνων καὶ Ἀχαιῶν καὶ ἔστιν ὧν ἄλλων ἐθνῶν”, Except Ionians and Achaeans and other tribes that be. 5.25.2: “ἔστιν ἐν οἷς” . [*] 118. *sxh=ma *pindariko/n. Outside of these phrases, the construction is commonly called the “σχῆμα Πινδαρικόν”, or Pindaric Figure, though the name is hardly justified by Pindar's usage. When the verb precedes, the genuine examples are to be explained on the principle given above, but many of the examples cited are to be accounted for on other grounds, and in many the reading is doubtful.5 “ἦν δὲ τοῦ δανείσματος τετταράκοντα μὲν καὶ πέντε [μναῖ] ἐμαί, τάλαντον δ᾽ Εὐέργου”, DEM.37.4; In the loan there was forty-five minae of mine and a talent of Euergus's. DEM.37.4(see above). AND.1.145: “γεγένηται” (?) (vid. Blass2 ad loc.). PLATO, Conv. 188B: “πάχναι καὶ χάλαζαι καὶ ἐρυσῖβαι . . . γίγνεται” (all MSS.). Gorg. 500 D: “εἰ ἔστι τούτω διττὼ τὼ βίω”, If the existence of these two different lives is accepted; but see B. L. G. on PIND. O. 11 (10), 6. Legg. 732 E, “ἔστι” agrees with pred. (124). Rpb. 463 A: “τί οὖν; ἔστι μέν που καὶ ἐν ταῖς ἄλλαις πόλεσιν ἄρχοντές τε καὶ δῆμος, ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἐν αὐτῇ”; There is such a thing as, etc.? Theaet. 173 D, anacoluthon. THUC.2.3.3, “ἅμαξαι” is not the subject of “ἵν ἀντὶ τείχους ᾖ” 4.26.5: “αἴτιον δὲ ἦν οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι προειπόντες” . Here the sing, is due to attraction of predicate (see 124 and 126). 8.9.3 (see 124 and 126). HDT.1.26: “ἔστι δὲ . . . ἑπτὰ στάδιοι”. 7.34: “ἔστι δὲ ἑπτὰ στάδιοι ἐξ Ἀβύδου ἐς τὴν ἀπαντίον”, It is seven stadia from Abydos to the opposite shore.“ τρίτον δ᾽ ἀδελφὼ δύο μίαν καθ᾽ ἡμέραν
αὐτοκτονοῦντε τὼ ταλαιπώρω μόρον
κοινὸν κατειργάσαντ᾽ ἐπαλλήλοιν χεροῖν
”
For we have no such thing as a brace of servants, etc. EUR. Bacch.1350: “αἰαῖ, δέδοκται, πρέσβυ, τλἠμονες φυγαί”, It is decreed —decreed is bitter exile. Hel. 1358-61: “μέγα τοι δύναται νεβρῶν” | “παμποίκιλοι στολίδες” | “κισσοῦ τε στεφθεῖσα χλόα” | “νάρθηκας εἰς ἱερούς”, There is great virtue in, etc. PIND. See Gildersleeve, Pindar lxxxviii, and note on O. 11 (10), 6.“ ἡμῖν γὰρ οὐκ ἔστ᾽ οὔτε κάρυ᾽ ἐκ φορμίδος
δούλω διαρριπτοῦντε τοῖς θεωμένοις, κτἑ.
”
. (The emphatic position of “γούνατα” keeps it before the mind, and “τε” is treated as cum would be in Latin.)“ καμάτῳ δὲ καὶ ἱδρόι νωλεμὲς αἰεὶ
γούνατά τε κνῆμαί τε πόδες θ᾽ ὑπένερθεν ἑκάστου
χεῖρές τ᾽ ὀφθαλμοί τε παλάσσετο μαρναμένοισιν
”
Special Exceptions
[*] 119. The natural relation may be preferred to the artificial, the nearer to the more remote. Hence: [*] 120. Nouns of multitude. Nouns of multitude often take the verb in the plural. “μέρος . . . τι . . . ἀνθρώπων . . . οὐχ ἡγοῦνται θεούς”, PLATO, Legg. 948C; A portion of mankind do not believe in gods. PLATO, Legg. 948C (see above). XEN. Cyr. 2.4.20: “τὸ μὲν πλῆθος τῶν πεζῶν καὶ τῶν ἱππέων ὤγμευον αὐτῷ” . Hell. 3.3.4: “τοιαῦτα δὲ ἀκούσασα ἡ πόλις . . . Ἀγησίλαον εἵλοντο βασιλέα” . THUC.1.89.3. 125.1. 4.112.3: “ὁ δὲ ἄλλος ὅμιλος κατὰ πάντα ὁμοίως ἐσκεδάννυντο”, The rest of the multitude scattered in every direction alike. AESCHYL. Ag. 189: “εὖτ”（“ε”) . . . “βαρύνοντ᾽ Ἀχαιϊκὸς λεώς”. Ibid. 577-9: “Τροίαν ἑλόντες . . . Ἀργείων στόλος . . . λάφυρα . . . ἐπασσάλευσαν”. PIND. P. 2.46-7: “ἐκ δ᾽ ἐγένοντο στρατὸς” | “θαυμαστός”. HOM. Il. 2.278: “ὣς φάσαν ἡ πληθύς”. 15.304-5: “αὐτὰρ ὀπίσσω” | “ἡ πληθὺς ἐπὶ νῆας Ἀχαιῶν ἀπονέοντο”. Cf. 17.755-7: “ὥς τε ψαρῶν νέφος ἔρχεται ἠὲ κολοιῶν”, | “οὖλον κεκλήγοντες, ὅτε προΐδωσιν ἰόντα” | “κίρκον”. 23.156-7: “Ἀτρεΐδη, σοὶ γάρ τε μάλιστά γε λαὸς Ἀχαιῶν” | “πείσονται μύθοισι”. [*] 121. Organized number. Organized number is singular. So “δῆμος” of the (official) people. The conception often shifts. “ὁ δῆμος δεσπότης ἦν καὶ κύριος πάντων,” DEM. 3.30 ; The people was lord and master of all. “ἡ δὲ βουλὴ . . . ὀλιγαρχίας ἐπεθύμει,” LYS.13.20 ; The senate craved an oligarchy. DEM.3.30(see above). LYS.13.20 (see above). 35: “ὁ δὲ δῆμος . . . ἐψηφίσατο” , and frequently. XEN. Hell. 1.4.12: “ἡμέρᾳ ᾗ Πλυντήρια ἦγεν ἡ πόλις” , The day on which the city was celebrating the Plynteries. Ibid. 1.7.3: “ἡ βουλὴ ἔδησε” . Ibid. 1.7.12: “τὸ δὲ πλῆθος ἐβόα δεινὸν εἶναι εἰ μή τις ἐάσει τὸν δῆμον πράττειν ὃ ἂν βούληται” , The multitude cried out that it was an outrage if the commons were not to be permitted to do what they would. (Here the “πλῆθος” claims to be the “δῆμος”.) THUC.3.22.5: “τὸ δὲ στρατόπεδον ἐπὶ τὸ τεῖχος ὥρμησεν”, The army rushed to the wall. 3.72.3: “ὁ μὲν δῆμος ἐς τὴν ἀκρόπολιν καταφεύγει . . . καὶ τὸν Ὑλλαϊκὸν λιμένα εἶχον” , The people flee to the citadel and they held the Hyllaean harbor. 5.82.2: “ὁ δῆμος ἀναθαρσήσας ἐπέθεντο” (= “οἱ πολλοί”) “τοῖς ὀλίγοις”, The commonalty took heart again and they attacked the oligarchy. 6.30.2: “ξυγκατέβη δὲ καὶ ὁ ἄλλος ὅμιλος ἅπας ὡς εἰπεῖν ὁ ἐν τῇ πόλει καὶ ἀστῶν καὶ ξένων” . 6.31.1: “οἱ δὲ ξένοι καὶ ὁ ἄλλος ὄχλος κατὰ θέαν ἧκεν ὡς ἐπὶ ἀξιόχρεων καὶ ἄπιστον διάνοιαν” . SOPH. Ant. 733. O. C. 741-2: “πᾶς σε Καδμείων λεὼς καλεῖ δικαίως” . Tr. 194-5. AESCHYL. Pers. 127-8: “λεὼς σμῆνος ὣς ἐκλέλοιπεν”. PIND. N. 7.23-4: “τυφλὸν δ᾽ ἔχει” | “ἦτορ ὅμιλος ἀνδρῶν ὁ πλεῖστος”. 9.21: “φαινομέναν δ᾽ ἄῤ ἐς ἄταν σπεῦδεν ὅμιλος ἱκέσθαι”. HOM. Il. 2.99: “σπουδῇ δ᾽ ἕζετο λαὀς”. 17.723-4: “ἐπὶ δ᾽ ἴαχε λαὸς ὄπισθε” | “Τρωικός, ὡς εἴδοντο κτἑ”. 17.755 (120). 18.603-4: “πολλὸς δ᾽ ἱμερόεντα χορὸν περιίσταθ̓ ὅμιλος” | “τερπόμενοι”. 23.133: “μετὰ δὲ νέφος εἴπετο πεζῶν”. [*] 122. Agreement in sense of participle or adjective with subject. The adjective predicate may follow the natural number or gender (or both) of the subject. So especially often the participle. “ὁ . . . ὄχλος ἠθροίσθη πρὸς τὰς ναυ_ς . . . ἰδεῖν βουλόμενοι τὸν Ἀλκιβιάδην,” XEN. Hell. 1.4.13 ; The rabble gathered to meet the ships, they wishing to see Alcibiades. DEM.21.117: “καὶ ταῦτ᾽ ἔλεγ̓ ἡ μιαρὰ καὶ ἀναιδὴς αὕτη κεφαλή, ἐξεληλυθὼς κτἑ”. AESCHIN.3.133: “Θῆβαι, πόλις ἀστυγείτων, . . . περὶ τῶν ὅλων οὐκ ὀρθῶς βουλευσάμενοι, ἀλλὰ . . . κτησάμενοι”. PLATO, Lach. 180E: “τὰ γὰρ μειράκια τάδε πρὸς ἀλλήλους οἴκοι διαλεγόμενοι θαμὰ ἐπιμέμνηνται Σωκράτους” (see 102). Cf. Phaedr. 239 A: “οὔτε δὴ κρείττω οὔτε ἰσούμενον ἑκὼν ἐραστὴς παιδικὰ ἀνέξεται, ἥττω δὲ καὶ ὑποδεέστερον ἀεὶ ἀπεργάζεται”. Ibid. 240 A: “ἄγαμον, ἄπαιδα, ἄοικον ὅ τι πλεῖστον χρόνον παιδικὰ ἐραστὴς εὔξαιτ᾽ ἂν γενέσθαι”. XEN. Hell. 1.4.13 (see above). THUC.3.2.1: “Λέσβος πλὴν Μηθύμνης ἀπέστη ἀπ᾽ Ἀθηναίων, βουληθέντες μὲν . . . ἀναγκασθέντες δὲ κτἑ”. 7.75.4: “ὥστε δάκρυσι πᾶν τὸ στράτευμα πλησθὲν καὶ ἀπορίᾳ τοιαύτῃ μὴ ῥᾳδίως ἀφορμᾶσθαι, καίπερ ἐκ πολεμίας τε καὶ μείζω ἢ κατὰ δάκρυα τὰ μὲν πεπονθότας ἤδη, τὰ δὲ περὶ τῶν ἐν ἀφανεῖ δεδιὀτας μὴ πάθωσι” .HOM. Il. 17.755-6 (120). 18.603-4 (121). [*] 123. Periphrastic subject. In the case of a periphrastic subject like “τό” or “τά” with the genitive plural, “ἲς Τηλεμάχοιο” and the like, the verbal predicate regularly agrees in number, and the participial or adjective predicate in number and gender with the real subject which is contained in the genitive. PLATO, Legg. 657D: “τὸ δὲ τῶν πρεσβυτέρων” (= “οἱ δὲ πρεσβύτεροι”) “ἡμῶν, ἐκείνους” (sc. “τοὺς νέους”) “αὖ θεωροῦντες διάγειν ἡγούμεθα πρεπόντως, χαίροντες κτἑ”. Cf. Phileb. 45 È: “τὸ δὲ τῶν ἀφρόνων τε καὶ ὑβριστῶν” (opposed to “τοὺς μὲν σώφρονας”) “μέχρι μανίας ἡ σφοδρὰ ἡδονὴ κατέχουσα περιβοήτους ἀπεργάζεται”. Rpb. 563 C: “τὸ μὲν γὰρ τῶν θηρίων . . . ὅσῳ ἐλευθερώτερά ἐστιν ἐνταῦθα ἢ ἐν ἄλλῃ, οὐκ ἄν τις πείθοιτο ἄπειρος”. SOPH. Ph. 497-9: “ἀλλ᾽ ἢ τέθνηκεν, ἢ τὰ τῶν διακόνων”, | “ὡς εἰκός, οἶμαι, τοὐμὸν ἐν σμικρῷ μέρος” | “ποιούμενοι τὸν οἴκαδ᾽ ἤπειγον στόλον”, “But either he is dead, or else, methinks, my messengers—as was likely—made small account of my concerns, and hastened on their homeward voyage.”—Jebb. HOM. Od. 11.90-1: “ἦλθε δ᾽ ἔπι ψυχὴ Θηβαίου Τειρεσίαο”, | “χρύσεον σκῆπτρον ἔχων”. 16.476-7: “μείδησεν δ᾽ ἱερὴ ἲς Τηλεμάχοιο” | “ἐς πατέρ᾽ ὀφθαλμοῖσιν ἰδών”. Il. 11.690: “ἐλθὼν γάρ ῤ̔ ἐκάκωσε βίη Ἡρακληείη”. Cf. 17.755-6 (120). [*] 124. Agreement of copula with predicate. The copula (copulative verb) often agrees with the predicate. Cf. “The wages of sin is death.” This is true also when the copula is in the form of a participle. “Μυκῆναι μικρὸν ἦν”, THUC.1.10.1; Mycenae was a small affair. “ἥ τε προὶξ ὀγδοήκοντα μναῖ γενήσονται”, DEM.31.7: The dowry will amount to eighty minae. “ὑπεξέθεντο τὰς θυγατέρας” (sc. “Ἀπολλοφάνους”) “παιδἴ ὄν τ᾽ εἰς Ὄλυνθον”, DEM.19.194; (For safety's sake) they removed his daughters, who were little children, to Olynthus. DEM.19.194(see above). 31.7 (see above). ANT. 2 c 8: “αἱ δ᾽ εἰσφοραὶ . . . εὐδαιμονίας μὲν . . . σημεῖόν ἐστι”. PLATO, Legg. 732E: “ἔστι δὴ φύσει ἀνθρώπειον μάλιστα ἡδοναὶ καὶ λῦπαι καὶ ἐπιθυμίαι”. Ibid. 735 E: “τοὺς γὰρ μέγιστα ἐξημαρτηκότας, ἀνιάτους δὲ ὄντας, μεγίστην δὲ οὖσαν βλάβην πόλεως”. Meno, 91 C (93). Prot. 359 D: “ἐπειδὴ τὸ ἥττω εἶναι ἑαυτοῦ εὑρέθη ἀμαθία οὖσα”. Tim. 56 D-E: “τὰ δὲ ἀέρος τμήματα ἐξ ἑνὸς μέρους διαλυθέντος δὔ ἂν γενοίσθην σώματα πυρός”, The divisions of air from one particle when broken up may become two corpuscles of fire. THUC.1.10.1(see above). 4.26.5: “αἴτιον δὲ ἦν οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι προειπόντες” . 5.4.4: “καταλαμβάνουσι καὶ Βρικιννίας, ὂν ἔρυμα ἐν τῇ Λεοντίνῃ” . 8.9.3: “αἴτιον δ᾽ ἐγένετο τῆς ἀποστολῆς τῶν νεῶν οἱ μὲν πολλοὶ τῶν Χίων οὐκ εἰδότες τὰ πρασσόμενα κτἑ” . HDT.1.93: “ἡ μὲν δὴ περίοδος τοῦ σήματος εἰσὶ στάδιοι ἓξ καὶ δύο πλέθρα”. 1.163: “καὶ γὰρ καὶ ἡ περίοδος τοῦ τείχεος οὐκ ὀλίγοι στάδιοί εἰσι κτἑ”. 2.15: “τὸ δ᾽ ὦν πάλαι αἱ Θῆβαι Αἴγυπτος ἐκαλέετο, τῆς τὸ περίμετρον στάδιοί εἰσι εἴκοσι καὶ ἑκατὸν καὶ ἑξακισχίλιοι”. 2.142: “γενεαὶ γὰρ τρεῖς ἀνδρῶν ἑκατὸν ἔτεά ἐστι”, Three human generations are one hundred years. 3, 108: “ἡ δὲ δὴ λέαινα ἐὸν ἰσχυρότατον καὶ θρασύτατον ἅπαξ ἐν τῷ βίῳ τίκτει ἕν”. 6.112: “ἦσαν δὲ στάδιοι οὐκ ἐλάσσονες τὸ μεταίχμιον αὐτῶν ἢ ὀκτώ”. EUR. Hec. 123-4: “τὼ Θησείδα δ᾽, ὄζω Ἀθηνῶν”, | “δισσῶν μύθων ῥήτορες ἦσαν”. [*] 125. Agreement of verb with appositive. The verb sometimes agrees with the appositive instead of with the subject. “Θῆβαι, πόλις ἀστυγείτων, . . . ἀνήρπασται”, AESCHIN.3.133; Thebes, a city that is our neighbor, has been swept away. AESCHIN.3.133(see above). XEN. An. 1.8.9: “πάντες δ᾽ οὗτοι κατὰ ἔθνη ἐν πλαισίῳ πλήρει ἀνθρώπων ἕκαστον τὸ ἔθνος ἐπορεύετο” . Conv. 4.44: “καὶ μὴν καὶ τὸ ἁβρότατόν γε κτῆμα τὴν σχολὴν ἀεὶ ὁρᾶτέ μοι παροῦσαν” . Hell. 1.7.5: “μετὰ ταῦτα δὲ οἱ στρατηγοὶ βραχέως ἕκαστος ἀπελογήσατο” . HDT.7.104: “ἑνὶ τούτων τῶν ἀνδρῶν οἳ Ἑλλήνων ἕκαστός φησι τριῶν ἄξιος εἶναι”. HOM. Il. 16.264-5: “οἱ δ᾽ ἄλκιμον ἦτορ ἔχοντες” | “πρόσσω πᾶς πέτεται καὶ ἀμύνει οἷσι τέκεσσι”. [*] 126. Neuter adjective as the substantive predicate. The neuter singular adjective is often used as the substantive predicate of a masculine or feminine subject, whether singular or plural. “διαβολὴ γάρ ἐστι δεινότατον”, HDT.7.10, “η”; For calumny is a dreadful evil. “Μυκῆναι μικρὸν ἦν”, THUC.1.10.1(124). DEM.1.5: “καὶ ὅλως ἄπιστον οἶμαι ταῖς πολιτείαις ἡ τυραννίς”. 19.336: “μὴ λέγ᾽ ὡς καλὸν εἰρήνη, μηδ᾽ ὡς συμφέρον”. PLATO, Gorg. 506E: “τάξει ἆρα τεταγμένον καὶ κεκοσμημένον ἐστὶν ἡ ἀρετὴ ἑκάστου”; Legg. 663 E: “καλὸν μὲν ἡ ἀλήθεια, ὦ ξένε, καὶ μόνιμον”. Ibid. 732 E: “ἔστι δὴ φύσει ἀνθρώπειον μάλιστα ἡδοναὶ καὶ λῦπαι καὶ ἐπιθυμίαι”. Rpb. 368 E: “οὐκοῦν μεῖζον πόλις ἑνὸς ἀνδρός”; XEN. Mem. 2.3.1: “χρησιμώτερον νομίζουσι χρήματα ἢ ἀδελφούς” . Oec. 12.15: “κερδαλέον ἐστὶν ἡ ἐπιμέλεια” . THUC.1.10.1(see above). 1.138.5: “ἐδόκει γὰρ” (sc. “ἡ Δάμψακος”) “πολυοινότατον τῶν τότε εἶναι”. 3.37.3. 4.26.5 (see 124). 4.62.2.8.9.3 (see 124). HDT.3.108(see 124). 7.10, “η” (see above). AR. Pl. 203: “δειλότατόν ἐσθ᾽ ὁ πλοῦτος” . EUR. El. 1035: “μῶρον μὲν οὖν γυναῖκες”. H. F. 1292: “αἱ μεταβολαὶ λυπηρόν”. Or. 232: “δυσάρεστον οἱ νοσοῦντες ἀπορίας ὕπο” . Ibid. 772: “δεινὸν οἱ πολλοί, πανούργους ὅταν ἔχωσι προστάτας” . Suppl. 508: “σφαλερὸν ἡγεμὼν θρασύς”. SOPH. O. C. 592: “ὦ μῶρε, θυμὸς δ᾽ ἐν κακοῖς οὐ ξύμφορον” . PIND. fr. 110 Bgk.4: “γλυκὺ δ᾽ ἀπείροισι πόλεμος”, A sweet thing is war to those that have not tried it. HOM. Il. 2.204: “οὐκ ἀγαθὸν πολυκοιρανίη”. So a Neuter Relative or other pronoun may have for its antecedent a Masculine or Feminine substantive. See Relative Sentences. [*] 127. Attraction of the demonstrative by the predicate. The demonstrative pronoun is commonly attracted into the gender of the predicate. “ἐκεῖνος δ᾽ ἐστὶν ἔλεγχος μέγιστος,” LYS.16.6 ; That is the most cogent proof. LYS.16. 6 (see above). 25.23: “νομίζοντες καὶ τῆς πόλεως ταύτην ἱκανωτάτην εἶναι σωτηρίαν καὶ τῶν ἐχθρῶν μεγίστην τιμωρίαν” . PLATO, Men. 71E: “αὕτη ἐστὶν ἀνδρὸς ἀρετή, ἱκανὸν εἶναι τὰ τῆς πόλεως πράττειν κτἑ.”, This is a man's virtue, to be able to manage affairs of state. XEN. Cyr. 8.7.24: “εἰ δὲ μή, καὶ παρὰ τῶν προγεγενημένων μανθάνετε: αὕτη γὰρ ἀρίστη διδασκαλία” . THUC.1.1.2: “κίνησις γὰρ αὕτη μεγίστη . . . ἐγένετο”. HDT.1.1: “Ἡροδότου Ἁλικαρνησσέος ἱστορίης ἀπόδεξις ἥδε”, This is the setting forth of the research of Herodotus. SOPH. Ph. 1-2: “ἀκτὴ μὲν ἥδε” . . . | “Δήμνου”. HOM. Il. 17.336-7: “αἰδὼς μὲν νῦν ἥδε” . . . | “Ἴλιον εἲς ἀναβῆναι κτἑ”. [*] 128. In the oblique cases: LYS.1.16: “ταύτην γὰρ τέχνην ἔχει” (sc. “τὸ γυναῖκας διαφθείρειν”), This is his trade. PLATO. Cf. Euthyphr. 2 A: “οὔτοι δὴ Ἀθηναῖοί γε, ὦ Εὐθύφρον, δίκην αὐτὴν καλοῦσιν, ἀλλὰ γραφήν”, The Athenians do not call it diké but graphé. Phaedr. 245 E: “ὡς ταύτης οὔσης φύσεως ψυχῆς”, “Nam haec est propria natura animi atque vis,” CIC. Tusc.1.23.54. [*] 129. Demonstrative not attracted. The attraction is sometimes pretermitted, especially in definitions in which the pronoun is the predicate. “τοῦτό ἐστιν ἡ πρόνοια,” LYS.3.28 ; This is what is meant by malice prepense (Answer to the question “τί ἡ πρόνοια”;). “ὑπερβολὴ γὰρ ἀδικίας τοῦτό γε,” DEM.18.16. ANT. 1.5: “θαυμάζω δ᾽ . . . εἰ νομίζει τοῦτο εὐσέβειαν εἶναι, τὸ . . . μὴ προδοῦναι”. PLATO, Gorg. 478C: “οὐ γὰρ τοῦτ᾽ ἦν εὐδαιμονία, ὡς ἔοικε, κακοῦ ἀπαλλαγή”. Cf. Phaedr. 245 C: “ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις ὅσα κινεῖται τοῦτο” (sc. “τὸ αὑτὸ κινοῦν”) “πηγὴ καὶ ἀρχὴ κινήσεως”. But Cicero, Tusc.1.23.53, translates: “Quin etiam ceteris, quae moventur, hic fons, hoc principium est movendi.” XEN. Cyr. 1.3.10: “τοῦτ᾽ ἄῤ ἦν ἡ ἰσηγορία” . Cf. Mem. 3.11.6: “ὅ τι ἂν ἐνταῦθα ἐμπέσῃ, τούτῳ τροφῇ χρῶνται” . [*] 130. Difference between ti/ and ti/s in the predicate. In questions distinguish between “τί”, the essence of a thing, and “τίς”, the classification of a thing. “τί δ᾽ ἐστὶν ὁ χρόνος καὶ τίς αὐτοῦ ἡ φύσις . . . ἄδηλόν ἐστι”, ARISTOT. Phys. 4.218 a 31-2; What time is and what its nature does not appear. “τί”: DEM.9.16: “καὶ μηδεὶς εἴπῃ, τί δὲ ταῦτ᾽ ἐστίν, ἢ τί τούτων μέλει τῇ πόλει”; PLATO, Crat. 398C: “ὁ δὲ δὴ ἥρως τί ἂν εἴη”; What might “hero” be? Men.71D: “τί φῂς ἀρετὴν εἶναι”; Prot. 312 C: “ὅτι δέ ποτε ὁ σοφιστής ἐστι, θαυμάζοιμ᾽ ἂν εἰ οἶσθα”. XEN. Mem. 1.2.43: “ταῦτα τί ἐστι; . . . καὶ ταῦτα νόμος ἐστί; . . . καὶ ταῦτα νόμος καλεῖται” . [*] 131. “τίς”: PLATO, Gorg. 448E: “ἀλλ᾽ οὐδεὶς ἠρώτα ποία τις εἴη ἡ Γοργίου τέχνη, ἀλλὰ τίς καὶ ὅντινα δέοι καλεῖν τὸν Γοργίαν”. Ibid. 449 A: “εἰπὲ τίς ἡ τέχνη καὶ τίνα Γοργίαν καλεῖν χρὴ ἡμᾶς”. Phaedr. 278 E: “Ἰσοκράτη τὸν καλόν, ᾧ τἰ ἀπαγγελεῖς, ὦ Σώκρατες; τίν᾽ αὐτὸν φήσομεν εἶναι”; [*] 132. ti/ instead of ti/na. When the subject is a neuter plural that may be considered as a unit, “τί” is regularly used instead of “τίνα”, unless the idea of selection is to be emphasized. “τί”: “τί οὖν ἐστι ταῦτα, ἃ ὑμεῖς ἴστε καὶ οὐ παρ᾽ ἡμῶν ὑμᾶς ἀκοῦσαι δεῖ”; DEM.19.217; What then are these things, things that you yourselves know and need not hear from us? DEM.19.217(see above). PLATO , Phaedo 57 A: “τί οὖν δἠ ἐστιν ἅττα εἶπεν ὁ ἀνὴρ πρὸ τοῦ θανάτου”; Ibid. 58 C: “τί ἦν τὰ λεχθέντα καὶ πραχθέντα καὶ τίνες οἱ παραγενόμενοι τῶν ἐπιτηδείων τῷ ἀνδρί”; (Best MSS. “τί”. Schanz and Wohlrab both read “τί”, “ηερμ. τίνα”.) XEN. An. 2.1.22: “ἡμῖν ταὐτὰ δοκεῖ ἅπερ καὶ βασιλεῖ. Τί οὖν ταῦτά ἐστιν; ἔφη ὁ Φαλῖνος” . [*] 133. “τίνα”: DEM.18.246: “ἀλλὰ μὴν ὧν γ᾽ ἂν ὁ ῥήτωρ ὑπεύθυνος εἴη, πᾶσαν ἐξέτασιν λαμβάνετε: οὐ παραιτοῦμαι. τίν̓ οὖν ἐστι ταῦτα”; But 19.217 (132): “τί”. PLATO , Phaedo 102 A: “ἀλλὰ τίνα δὴ ἦν τὰ μετὰ ταῦτα λεχθέντα”; But ibid. 57 A and 58 C cited in 132: “τί”. For the Attraction of the Relative with the Predicate, see Relative. [*] 134. Attraction of the superlative predicate. The superlative predicate may agree in gender with the subject rather than with the genitive. “ὁ δὲ ἥλιος τὸν πάντα χρόνον πάντων λαμπρότατος ὢν διαμένει,” XEN. Mem. 4.7.7 ; The sun abideth forever the most brilliant of all things (thing in the world). PLATO, Gorg. 487E: “πάντων δὲ καλλίστη ἐστὶν ἡ σκέψις . . . περὶ τούτων ὧν κτἑ”. Tim. 29 A: “ὁ μὲν γὰρ” (sc. “ὁ κόσμος”) “κάλλιστος τῶν γεγονότων, ὁ δ᾽” (sc. “ὁ δημιουργός”） “ἄριστος τῶν αἰτίων”. HDT.4.85: “πελαγέων γὰρ ἁπάντων πέφυκε θωυμασιώτατος” (sc. “ὁ Πόντος”). Cf. 6.37: “πίτυς μούνη πάντων δενδρέων ἐκκοπεῖσα βλαστὸν οὐδένα μετίει”, Of all trees the pine is the only one that after being cut lets out no aftershoot. COM. 4.231: “νόσων χαλεπώτατος” | “φθόνος”, Of (all) diseases hardest to bear is envy. HOM. Cf. Od. 13.86-7: “οὐδέ κεν ἴρηξ” | “κίρκος ὁμαρτήσειεν, ἐλαφρότατος πετεηνῶν”. [*] 135. Superlative Predicate agreeing with the Genitive: “ὁ δὲ παῖς πάντων θηρίων ἐστὶ δυσμεταχειριστότατον”, PLATO, Legg. 808D; The boy (animal) is the hardest to manage of all (animals). PLATO, Legg. 808D (see above). HDT.5.24: “κτημάτων πάντων ἐστὶ τιμιώτατον ἀνὴρ φίλος”, Of all possessions most valuable is a friend. On the Attraction of the Predicate Adjective into the Vocative, see 25. The dramatic “ἡμεῖς” for “ἐγώ” of a woman is masculine. See 55. [*] 136. Indefinite subject, referring to a woman, treated as masculine. The masculine, as the more generic, is sometimes used of an indefinite subject, even when the indefinite subject is known to be a woman. EUR. Andr. 711-2: “ἣ στεῖρος οὖσα μόσχος οὐκ ἀνέξεται” | “τίκτοντας ἄλλους, οὐκ ἔχουσ᾽ αὐτὴ τέκνα”. SOPH. El. 770-1: “δεινὸν τὸ τίκτειν ἐστίν: οὐδὲ γὰρ κακῶς” | “πάσχοντι μῖσος ὧν τέκῃ προσγίγνεται”, Strange is this thing of being a mother. Not even when one suffers wrong can one be brought to hate the child that one has borne. Tr. 151-2: “τότ᾽” (sc. [“ὅταν”] “τις ἀντὶ παρθένου γυνὴ” | “κληθῇ κτἑ”., vv. 148-9) “ἄν τις εἰσίδοιτο, τὴν αὑτοῦ σκοπῶν” | “πρᾶξιν, κακοῖσιν οἷς ἐγὼ βαρύνομαι”.6“ κἀν τῷ δήμῳ γνώμην οὐδεὶς πώποτ᾽ ἐνίκησεν, ἐὰν μὴ
εἴπῃ τὰ δικαστήρι᾽ ἀφεῖναι πρώτιστα μίαν δικάσαντας.
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