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καὶ πάγχυ is best taken (Stein) with μανίην . . . ἐπέφερον (cf. viii. 10. 1 n. and the common use of τὸ κάρτα, i. 71. 2 = haud dubie): others would join it here with ὀλεθρίην. ἵππου ... τοξευμάτων (ix. 49. 3). The existence at Athens of a class of ἱππεῖς, and the alleged furnishing of two horsemen by each naucrary, might seem to prove that Athens possessed cavalry. But Helbig has shown (Les Ἱππεῖς Athéniens, p. 191 f.) from vases, &c., that these knights were, at least till 478 B. C., equipped not as true cavalry but as mounted infantry. Hence Athens depended on Thessalian horse in 510 B. C. (v. 63), and in 490 B. C. had certainly no cavalry fit to meet the Persian (cf. also ix. 40, 68, 69). At Salamis (Plut. Them. 14; Aesch. Pers. 460) the Athenians had archers, and at Plataea (ix. 22. 1, 60. 3) a regular corps of bowmen. The barbarians' astonishment at the absence of these forces may fairly be held to imply the presence of archers on their side otherwise unmentioned. For the cavalry cf. App. XVIII, § 8.
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